“Penelope” by Dorothy Parker Essay

After embarking on the literary journey that is â€Å"The Odyssey†, I decided to tackle this poem by Dorothy Parker. Although short in length, the poem was deceptively challenging due to the unraveling of symbolism within the words. Embedded within the short sentences were insightful references to seemingly ordinary objects, such as the sea, the sun, and even the breeze. These descriptions also added to the simple beauty of the poem. I also had a chance to see from Penelope’s point of view and what she thought about Odysseus and his travels, something that does not commonly occur in â€Å"The Odyssey†. The poem was filled with references to a journey even from the first few lines. There were many words that immediately made me think about a voyage one may take. For example, â€Å"pathway of the sun† (line 1) and â€Å"footsteps of the breeze† (line 2) made me think as though the sun and breeze were guides for an adventure, leading the way and showing where to go. Odysseus traveled â€Å"where the world and sky [were] one† (line 3). This shows unity between the Greek gods in the heavens and the god of water, Poseidon. The seas were also shown as â€Å"glittering† (line 5) and â€Å"silver† (line 4) displaying the beauty of the sea. I liked how Parker connected the Earth’s natural beauty to the treacherous yet exciting journey taken by Odysseus. It added another level to his trek that related him to the world he was exploring. The next section showed Penelope’s ability to wait patiently for her true love – her husband Odysseus. Penelope is portrayed as a calm yet cunning woman within a few lines. She waits â€Å"at home, and [rocks]† (line 6) in her rocking chair, thus showing her patience. However, Penelope is also very wily as she uses her loom trick to deceive the suitors with an ambition of taking her hand in marriage. She says she will â€Å"snip [her] thread† (line 8), connecting to the loom trick. She is also shown as being more independent as she plans to â€Å"bleach the linen for [her] bed† (line 9), a chore usually done by maids. The last line ends the poem very strongly. Penelope sounds a bit jealous as she states, â€Å"They will call him brave†Ã‚  (line 10). Is she jealous that she has had to do a lot of hard work while he has been gone, yet she receives no praise for it? I believe Parker put this in to show how Penelope just wants to be noticed and applauded for her handiwork. These actions shown by Penelope were extremely detailed and I loved being able to read the poem and visualize every part in my head.

Great by Choice Essay

Many times entrepreneurs ask themselves, â€Å"Why my competitors are able to succeed and go through catastrophe after catastrophe yet my business is crashing? What makes that person better than me? Am I, not the chosen one? † Jim Collins and Morten T. Hansen answer these common questions and many more in their educating novel entitled, Great by Choice. One of the main characteristic of a great leader is being prepared for every trail and tribulation that may come while running a business. It is a true fact that every business go through some type of chaos whether it’s enormous or petite; therefore, business owners must be ready to handle chaos in order to maintain the business. It is a common saying that states, â€Å"It is easy to start a relationship, yet, it is hard to maintain it. † Although this statement relate to relationships, it also relates to owning a business. â€Å"It is easy to start a business, yet it is difficult to maintain a business. † Jim Collins identifies three core behaviors in his novel that enabled companies to become truly great over an extended period of time which will be discussed later in the paper. At the beginning of the novel, Collins asked his self, â€Å"Why do some companies thrive in uncertainty and chaos and others do not? † After interviewing successful business owners and studying ancient history of successful leaders, Collins was able to answer that question and his answer was,† It’s not that they thrive on chaos, but they can thrive in chaos and uncertainty. † He created this illustration through a true story about two leaders name Amundsen and Scott: In October 1911, exactly 100 years ago, these two teams of explorers left the coast of Antarctica to try to be the first people in history to reach the South Pole. The Norwegian team, [led by] Amundsen, got to the South Pole first. [British naval officer Robert Falcon] Scott and the British team reached the pole second, 34 days later. Amundsen and his team made it back to their base at Polheim on the exact date that Amundsen had put in his planning journals when he was making his plans in Norway. Meanwhile, Scott and every member of his team died on the way back, about 10 or 11 miles from a supply depot. (Collins and Hansen, 2011) A great philosopher once stated, â€Å"In order to understand your future, you must first understand your past. History repeats itself. The tools that successful leaders used during ancient periods are the same tools that current leaders may retain. Therefore, it is vital for business owners to study and educate themselves on effective leaders in the past, so they may duplicate some of their leadership styles and be successful in the future. Amundsen and Scott story is the evidence of Collins answer at the beginning of the novel, Collins states: â€Å"It turns out that the way that Amundsen led his team maps very directly to the way our leaders led their companies. This is especially true in how he was different in his behaviors from the way Scott led his team, which is more like our comparison leaders. It was an almost perfect metaphoric mapping. † Hansen further emphasized, â€Å"When we looked at Amundsen, the fascinating part is that he had, literally, a 15-mile march target. He was going to go 15 miles every day toward the South Pole†¦ .He built a system around that. On the good days, he held back; he didn’t go the distance he could have gone. He just stopped in the early afternoon and rested. On the very difficult days, he made maybe five, six, seven miles, but nevertheless, he traveled on those days where Scott and the other team would sit in their tents. Both of them had a very interesting approach. Underlying that is what can only be described as fanatic discipline. Amundsen was extraordinary in his discipline, preparing his whole life for this particular moment. † After reviewing these two leaders style of leadership, in result, they basically â€Å"reap what they sowed†. Amundsen created a plan that not only met his goal but helped him survive while meeting his goal. Whereas Scott only did enough to get by and at the end he and his team died. Companies that have phenomenal leaders, usually plan carefully, every â€Å"I† is dotted and every â€Å"t† is crossed, therefore, they can take any hit and still be successful. Scott could not do that because he rush on the planning stage of his journey and ironically he rushed his time on earth. On the other hand Amundsen demonstrated the â€Å"three distinctive behaviors† that Collins and Scott discussed in their novel: productive paranoia, empirical creativity and fanatic discipline. Like Amundsen, Bill Gate is a good example of productive paranoia. Bill Gates sat down and thought of all the things that could possibly go wrong with his company and then he prepared for those obstacles ahead of time. Gates allowed his fear to drive him to productivity. Many leaders get comfortable in their success and fail to realize that thousands of businesses are created every day, therefore, leaders should always be informed about the companies that surrounding them because if they become too comfortable then other developing companies can take their clients or buy out their business. Running a business is like a running competition. Some runners know that they are good at running and they feel like no one else could catch up or out run them. Yet they lose because they get so comfortable at the speed that they were running and their competitors eventually catch up. Winning does not matter if you are good at the beginning yet lose at the end. A leader does not only succeed through fear but they also create a plan that is unique and creative to survive through the impossible. A successful leader is a risk taker and a risk taker display empirical creativity. During Amundsen planning he stated, â€Å"I am not going to bet our expedition and bet our life on an unproven technology, so I’m not going with motor sledges. I am going with skis and dogs and sleds because we know they work. † Technology is very popular and the average person would have chosen the motor sledges because many people believe that technology is reliable and convenient. Yet, Amundsen did not want to go the easy route out he wanted to stick with the fundamentals of traveling on snow and his plan worked. Why? Because he thought outside the box and he took a risk. In addition Amundsen, put his base on Bay of Whales, which was known as a dangerous area. However, Amundsen decided not to listen to everybody and do his own research on Bay of Whales. In result, Bay of Whales was not as dangerous as others believed, therefore he choose that area to house his self and his team. Good leaders believe none of what they hear and half of what they see. After fear comes creativity and after creativity comes consists. Every great leader own the character trait of fanatic discipline which is the essential consists of action. Hansen better explained fanatic discipline, he states, Number one, you set a progress standard for yourself. Secondly, you have a lower boundary, what you must hit, and an absolute commitment to hitting it in bad times and good times. Then there is an upper boundary, and you have the discipline to hold back and not just maximize growth because you can, because that is going to expose you to possible storms coming your way down the road. Then the fourth characteristic is that you must hit it. It’s not about good intentions: They don’t really count here. It is about hitting it. † Hansen calls this theory the principles of a 20-mile march. In the novel, Hansen and Collins used John Brown, who was the CEO of Stryker as a good example. When Brown became the CEO of Stryker he set a goal for the company net income to grow 20% every year. As the market fluctuated, Brown still focused on his target goal and him and the company managed to survive through the industry downturn. When you look at Bill Gates, Amundsen and John Brown, you are looking at the epitome of dynamic  leaders. All three leaders were visionaries and they all worked hard towards a goal regardless of their surroundings. They were discipline. Jim Collins once stated, â€Å"A culture of discipline is not a principle of business, it is a principle of greatness. † While other companies were crashing, they were progressing and sticking to their plan of action. The purpose of the novel â€Å"Great by Choice† is to educate leaders on how to set a strong solid foundation that can survive during the storms. Every human being in this world is given choices, however it is up to an individual to choose to be great or choose to be a failure. At the end of the day, a person will always be remembered by the choices that they make in life, therefore my choice is to be great!

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay Machiavelli and Hobbes were the most important political philosophers of early modernity. Politically, modernitys earliest phase starts with  Niccolà ³ Machiavellis works which openly rejected the medieval and Aristotelian style of analyzing politics by comparison ideas about how things should be, in favor of realistic analysis of how things really are. He also proposed that an aim of politics is to control one’s own chance or fortune, and that relying upon providence actually leads to evil. Machiavelli argued, for example, that violent divisions within political communities are unavoidable, but can also be a source of strength which law-makers and leaders should account for and even encourage in some ways.   [ 1 ]    Machiavelli’s recommendations were sometimes influential upon kings and princes, but eventually came to be seen as favoring free republics over monarchies. Machiavelli in turn influenced  Francis Bacon,  Marchamont Needham,  Harrington,  Jo hn Milton,  David Hume, and many others.   [ 2 ]    Important modern political doctrines which stem from the new Machiavellian realism include  Mandeville’s influential proposal that â€Å"Private Vices by the dexterous Management of a skilful Politician may be turned into Public Benefits† (the last sentence of his  Fable of the Bees), and also the doctrine of a constitutional â€Å"separation of powers† in government, first clearly proposed by  Montesquieu. Both these principles are enshrined within the  constitutions  of most  modern democracies. It has been observed that while Machiavelli’s realism saw a value to war and political violence, his lasting influence has been â€Å"tamed† so that useful conflict was deliberately converted as much as possible to formalized political struggles and the economic â€Å"conflict† encouraged between free, private enterprises.   [ 3 ]    As I said in the first paragraph of this e ssay I will start with  Thomas Hobbes, attempts were made to use the methods of the new modern physical sciences, as proposed by  Bacon  and  Descartes, applied to humanity and politics. Notable attempts to improve upon the methodological approach of Hobbes include those of  Locke,  Spinoza,  Giambattista Vico  and Rousseau.  David Hume  made what he considered to be the first proper attempt at trying to apply Bacon’s scientific method to political subjects, rejecting some aspects of the approach of Hobbes.   [ 4 ]    Modernist republicanism openly influenced the foundation of republics during the  Dutch Revolt  (1568-1609),  English Civil War  (1642-1651),  American Revolution  (1775-1783) and the  French Revolution  (1789-1799 A second phase of modernist political thinking begins with Rousseau, who questioned the natural rationality and sociality of humanity and proposed that  human nature  was much more malleable than had been pr eviously thought. By this logic, what makes a good political system or a good man is completely dependent upon the chance path whole person has taken over history. This thought influenced the political (and aesthetic) thinking of  Immanuel Kant,  Edmund Burke  and others and led to a critical review of modernist politics. On the conservative side, Burke argued that this understanding encouraged caution and avoidance of radical change. However more ambitious movements also developed from this insight into human  culture, initially  Romanticism  and  Historicism, and eventually both the  Communism  of  Karl Marx, and the modern forms of  nationalism  inspired by the  French Revolution, including, in one extreme, the German  Nazi  movement.

Significant influence that the 1900,1904,1908,1912 and 1916 Olympic Research Paper

Significant influence that the 1900,1904,1908,1912 and 1916 Olympic games had in the world - Research Paper Example At a political level, the games bring together people from many nations, with different religious, cultural and economic backgrounds. This makes the Games a mosaic of the entire gamut of human civilization. (Wallechinsky, 2004) This essay will pertain itself those episodes of the Olympic Games that took place in the early decades of the twentieth century. These episodes are quite significant in that they played an influential role in shaping social and political developments to follow. The rest of this essay will further elaborate on this thesis. The 1900 Summer Olympic Games was a very colorful event, given that it took place in the cultural capital of Europe – Paris. In the Olympic events of this period, there were no awarding of Gold, Silver and Bronze medals. Hence, medals were awarded to the top three athletes retrospectively. It then emerged that France, the host nation won most of the Gold, Silver and Bronze medals, followed by the United States and Great Britain. Compe titions were held for a total of 20 disciplines. These disciplines included Archery, Tennis, Rugby, Swimming, Athletics, Sailing, Equestrian, Polo, Golf, among many others. (Kamper & Mallon, 1992) But most importantly, it included events for women athletes and in this respect can be viewed as a path-breaking event. ... (Wallechinsky, 2004) The next edition of the Games was held in the United States, which was at the time an emerging global power. Hosted by St. Louis, Missouri, this event cemented United States' status as an important imperial power in global politics. New sports such as Dumbbells, Freestyle wrestling, Decathlon and Boxing were introduced in this event. The host nation won a majority of the medals, followed by Germany and Cuba. Since many of the athletes were amateurs at this time, their long naval voyage across the Atlantic had sapped them of energy and fitness. This made the competition skewed in favor of host nation's athletes, who easily won on many occasions. Yet, Germany managed to upstage other European nations in the medals tally – a sign of its growing stature in Europe. The political relations between America and European countries was amicable at this stage. But it would turn uncertain in a few years time, as the United States and Germany would be facing off on opp osing sides during the First World War. (Crowther, 2007) The following edition of Summer Olympics saw the Games' return to Europe, with London being the host city. It is interesting to note that all the nations that played host to the Games during the early decades of the twentieth century were imperialist powers with global political ambitions. So the Olympics were not merely an exhibition of sporting talent, as there was also national pride and political prestige at stake. The number of participant teams increased in this edition. As expected Great Britain, the host nation, topped the medals tally, with 56 Golds, 51 Silvers and 39 Bronzes. It was followed by the United States, Sweden and France. The historical diplomatic relations between Great Britain and the United States, which

Effect of Reward Management on Employee's Turnover Intention Essay

Effect of Reward Management on Employee's Turnover Intention - Essay Example Reward management strategies are implemented by organizational managers throughout the world in an effort to grab the attention of employees for the purpose of recruitment and subsequently retain the best of the employees thereby enhancing their job satisfaction level and enabling them to improve their performance consistently. The requirement for ensuring consistent performance influences HR managers to design rewards in such a way that they motivate employees to give their optimum effort in order to achieve both organizational as well as their personal objectives (Baumruk, 2009).2.2.  Financial Rewards Financial rewards are monetary benefit or incentives that are provided by organizations to their employees in addition to their regular compensation as a means to motivate the individuals to improve their performance and hence make a positive contribution towards the overall productivity of the organization. These rewards are generally distributed on the basis of performance delive red by an individual and are extrinsic in nature. Financial rewards includes payment hikes, annual or half yearly bonuses of increased paid holidays that come under an organization’s reward management scheme designed in order to enhance the engagement level of employees to towards the organization (Armstrong, 2010).   2.3.  Material Rewards or BenefitsMaterial compensations are incentives that are distributed by employers with the underlying aim of securing or improving the financial status of the employees.

Storm Drainage Design Project, Flood Hydrographs Essay

Storm Drainage Design Project, Flood Hydrographs - Essay Example In addition hydrograph also carries information of base flow, which is the initial flow condition of the river existing in river prior to any storm. The base lag refers to the time repose of the river with respect to a rainfall which signifies the drainage potential of the catchments. The time interval between the peak rainfall the time of occurrence of peak discharge is reported as the basin lag. The rivers with short basin lag are more prone to floods as the respond very quickly to rainfall and hence the discharge in the river increases tremendously sooner the catchment receives a rainfall. The two major component of the runoff from the catchment that contributes to the volume of water in the river are the surface flow, which includes all the flows through the surface of the river and sub surface flow component which incorporates all the ground water flow discharges into the river after the onset of a storm. The slow rise is the level of river flow depth signified the majority of v olume reaching the river as ground water flow. The properly constructed hydrograph would be able to considerable amount of information of the behaviour of drainage basin with respect to a rainfall. ... The flood hydrograph for river Cynon is prepared by plotting he discharge through the river along the Y-axis and the time along x-axis. In order to plot the rainfall distribution, the depth of rainfall is plotted along a secondary y axis with time along the x - axis. The hydrograph hence plotted is shown in figure 1 and provides the detailed information on the drainage characteristics of the basin. The reports available have said that the subsurface conditions of the river Cynon basin is low permeability soil that could result in low infiltration rates. Thus these conditions would result in high surface runoff rates to the river and as a result the depth of flow rapidly rises. Thus the hydrograph obtained have steep rising limb followed by early peak discharge levels. Further, the receding limb is less steep than the rising limb justifies the discussions presented earlier. Also, the lag time is estimated from the hydrological observations as 20 hours. The flood volume of the river is computed from the total volume of the water in river during the period of runoff, by multiplying the depth of flow in the river with the mean river width given as 15 m and the average river velocity given as 4 m/s. The discharge computation from the hydrograph is as given below Particulars of computation Equation Calculation Discharge computed for the rising limb Velocity Depth of flow in river (for the rising limb) width of flow 4 m/s 0.48 m 15 m = 29.1 m3/sec Peak discharge Velocity Depth of flow in river (for peak discharge) width of flow 4 m/s 0.658 m 15 m = 39.48 m3/sec Discharge computed for receding limb Velocity Depth of flow in river (for the rising limb) width of flow 4 m/s 0.34 m 15 m = 20.4 m3/sec Total area of the catchment for the river Cynon From records

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Change Management - Essay Example Jesse Westerly was an articulate employee who took over her position as an assistant product owner at Kauflauf with high ambitions to transform the revenues of the organisation. She was very visionary on turning around the fortunes of Kauflauf since she had demonstrated the capacity and potential for achieving the targets and objectives from her previous workstation. Indeed, she was capable of taking charge of the new position since prior to assuming her roles as the assistant product owner, she had conducted an extensive research on the operations of the field consultants and realised the organisation had a market potential that had not yet been exploited. She also discovered that the sales consultants were spending considerable resources and time on lesser clients while spending fewer or none of more profitable and potential customers. It is from this notion she conducted her research and came up with the recommendation of changing the sales calls patterns. Conversely, Jesse was resolute and wanted to assume her position with a performance impact the reason she worked, on the findings to create to achieve her objectives. Based on the change management theory, changes initiated by an organisation should succeed if they originate from the leader (Cameron & Green, 2012). In other words, the change of leadership is the most reliable manner to institute changes in a firm. Therefore, it was prudent as an assistant product owner that Jesse thought of utilising her position as a leader to initiate changes to revolutionise the manner in which the field consultants worked to enhance efficiency and thus boost the overall returns of the company in the long run. Jesse was efficient in taking charge of her new position. However, despite the ideal change plans she had in mind for the business, she did not have a suitable implementation plan that would transform the project into an executable course of action to realise the

Statistical Applications in Criminal Justice Course Project Essay

Statistical Applications in Criminal Justice Course Project - Essay Example On the other hand, the standard deviations shows that the scoring on robbery is more dispersed than rape/sexual assault (Howell, 2008). In order to test the relationship between rape and violence, linear regression analysis will be used. This test will be used to establish if there exists any statistical relationship between the two variables, and if it exists, the strength of the model (Lee, 2006). This test is chosen because it is suitable in testing linear relationship between two or more variables. Regression models are also suitable in predicting the value of the dependent valuable using the predictor valuable; therefore, the scoring of robbery can be established in different scoring of rape. The results of the tests are as shown in the spss output below: Based on the results above, it is evident that there is a strong and positive relationship between rape and robbery. The R squired of 0.89 shows that the model rape/sexual assault is a very good predictor of robbery. In other words, the regression model is very good. The p-value is less than 0.05, which means that there is enough evidence to allege that rape/sexual is a predictor of robbery. Since the coefficients are positive, we conclude that the two variables have a positive relationship, which also means that an increase in rape/sex would lead to an increase in robbery (Heiman, 2010). The results from this analysis show that the rate at which rape happens has some implication on the rate at which robbery happens. Therefore, the incidence of rape can be used to predict the incidence of robbery at any given

Discourse Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Discourse Analysis - Assignment Example Through investigation of three paradigms: empirical, interpretive and critical, the research uncovered that the dominant discourse is that such bias is not present in the health services sector and that perceptions of discrimination is a product of pre-existing lack of self-esteem and lack of resiliency as a result of cultural inadequacies prevalent in aboriginal cultures. It was discovered that power is maintained in the health sector while deliberate or unconscious marginalization against aborigines dominates the Canadian social and professional sentiment about aborigines. The study concludes that while the researcher has personally observed these biased attitudes, culpability for negative health outcomes on aborigines may be attributable to these populations themselves. Despite the fact that the Canadian health care system provides a legislative framework for ensuring equity of care provision for all members of Canadian society, discrimination seems to be still prevalent in the nursing profession. Bias can be oftentimes observable when providing care to aboriginal members of society, namely against those sharing ethnic characteristics of Indian, MÃ ©tis and Inuit native peoples. Anti-aboriginal discrimination manifests itself through stereotyping, which stigmatizes these society members even in the health care environment. Long-standing stereotypes often portray aboriginals as being pervasive drug users, violent and incessantly unemployed (de Leeuw, Kobayashi & Cameron, 2011). The most prominent label marginalizing Canadian aboriginals is that they are highly dependent on welfare programs and incompetent to the degree that their affairs should be fully supervised by the Canadian federal government (Erickson, 2005). In the health care sector, Canadian aboriginals seek health services, though disproportionate in frequency to non-aboriginal patients.

Types of exploratory research designs Essay Example for Free

Types of exploratory research designs Essay 2. What type of exploratory research designs would you suggest for each of the following situations? Justify your answers using specific illustrations and examples. a. The research and development director of Louis Vuitton suggests a new type of cologne for men that could be promoted by tennis celebrity Marat Safin. b. The General Manager of Thai Spices Restaurant in Hong Kong wishes to offer customers two new and exciting dinner items that would be a blend of fresh durians, herbs and chicken. c. A retail manager would like to know the popularity of a new brand of dishwashing detergent produced by Proctor and Gamble. a) In developing a research design for this particular situation, it would first be a consideration that Louis Vuitton is not an established force in the fragrance market. Vuitton must enter this field relying on the transfer of its superb reputation in current areas of production to the new endeavour. Can the product be successful? Using the Case Study Method would be suitable in answering this question. It may be advisable to explore the success of other companies who have attempted similar campaigns. For example, Tommy Hilfiger (another fashion designer) has attempted and succeeded in entering this market. It would be worthwhile to analyse the past successes and failures of similar companies and use the information in developing the new product. In the further stages of research it would be effective to use focus group interviews to gauge consumer reaction to the product and its prospective face of endorsement. It must be determined if potential customers feel they would be drawn to buy a fragrance created by Vuitton and what characteristics are important in influencing their purchasing decision (eg. Price, Packaging, Place and Promotion). It would be important to determine how the consumer feels about the promotion of the product by Marat Safin. It  is quite possible for example, that the participants of a focus group may feel that the luxurious, prestigious image of Louis Vuitton may slightly clash with the athletic image of Safin. In which case it would be advisable to use the young, attractive, marketable celebrity image of Safin to promote the product and make no link to Safins tennis career. Examples of this can be seen in the promotion of Tag Heuer watches by Mark Philippoussis. In advertising the products there is no connection made between Mark and tennis. It must also be noted that time must be taken to discuss the particulars of the product itself as products cannot survive on endorsement alone as displayed by the past failure of Michael Jordans cologne. Projective Techniques such as a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) may be useful to use during the focus group(s). Various visual presentations of Safin and/or the cologne can be made to the participants and feedback can be used in further research and development. As the product research matures and the target audience is now more defined, it would at this stage perhaps be beneficial to conduct depth interviews with potential future customers to provide more direction for the development process. b) The General Manager would benefit from first conducting several experience surveys. Asking informed experts about this particular research problem would be invaluable. It must first be established that the recipes are possible and compatible with the restaurant. Interviewing the head chef regarding this matter should answer such questions. It may then be advisable to ask other chefs from other restaurants for their thoughts and feedback on the matter. For example, durians are notorious for smelling terrible; this factor may lead chefs to suggest the ingredient to be quite unpopular. Finally, if the research process gets this far, it would be advisable to survey the most qualified experts of all; the customer (who is always right and is also the most qualified when it comes to assessing their own appetites). If the experience surveys suggest the addition to the menu to be acceptable it may then be advantageous to gauge consumer reaction before investing large sums of time and money into the project. This may be done with a  simple observational study. For example, offering free samples of the food in question to existing customers will provide valuable insight into popular opinion. c) To gain a better, in-depth appreciation of the marketing environment or consumption behaviour with regard to the new brand of detergent it may first be logical to examine any available secondary data. Analysis of such data may give a very clear indication of the brands popularity. As the product is already in circulation, sales information and other related figures may be extremely useful in determining the brands current market status. Experience Surveys may prove effective in this situation as well. There are many opportunities for experience surveys in this particular marketing problem. Anyone from a company executive to a product merchandiser can provide useful experience and knowledge that can benefit the research. Management can be probed for information obtained overseeing the overall operation of selling the product, whilst sales representatives can be questioned about their experience in dealing with front-line sales. Buying trends can also be measured by interviewing individuals outside the organisation; such as wholesalers and retails who can provide very accurate information and figures regarding popularity (ie. sales). Focus groups can also be used in this situation to measure consumer reaction, indeed focus groups are used in the greater majority of all marketing research. As usual the focus group allows the discovery of new ideas, consumer insight, and hidden motivations. A focus group provides direct, undistorted communication from the consumer to the manufacturer. Thoughts and feelings regarding attributes such as the detergents price, quality and general image can be recorded and used in further development if deemed necessary. REFERENCES David Eccles School of Business [Online], Available: http://www.business.utah.edu/~pmkthl/5 [2004, Apr. 14] McDaniel, C. Gates, R. 2002, Marketing Research, South Western, Cincinnati Zikmund, W. G. 2003, Exploring Marketing Research, South Western, Mason

The Unbiased Predictors Of Future Spot Rates Finance Essay

The Unbiased Predictors Of Future Spot Rates Finance Essay Market efficiency is a concept that is controversial and attracts strong views, pros and cons, partly because of differences between individuals about what it really means and partly because it is a core belief that, in large part, determines how an investor approaches investing. This report provides a simple definition of market efficiency considers the implication of an efficient market for investors and summarizes some of the basic approaches that are used to investment schemes, thereby proving or disproving market efficiency. Besides this, in this report I am going to examine whether the forward exchange rates are unbiased predictors of future spot rates or not. As foreign exchange markets are composed of various theories and internationally accepted principles there are no consensus about the theories and implications. Efficient market Levich (1983) defines an efficient market as a market, where prices fully reflects all available public and private information. Efficient market is the market in which the security prices reflect all available information and adjust instantly to any new information. It therefore means that the market is efficient when forward rates accurately forecasts future spot rates. Salavatore (1993) argues that markets are efficient when prices correctly reflect the scarcity of the various resources resulting in allocation efficiency. Efficiency therefore, will also mean that economic agents will not be able to earn unusual profits by exploiting the available information. The history of efficient market hypothesis could be traced back at least to the 1920s. In modern times Fama (1970) is credited as presenting a scholarly abstraction of efficient market hypothesis (EMH). According to his definition, there are three types of efficient market, depending upon the extent of the information reflected in the market: Weak form: a market is said to be weak-form efficient if there is no relationship between the past price changes and the future price changes, in short the prices are independent. No trading rules can be developed to make abnormal returns based on the past history of an assets prices or returns. Semi-strong form: semi-strong form EMH states that no abnormal profits or returns can be made by developing a trading rule based on publically available information. The semi-strong from encompasses the weak form because past history is publically available. Public information also includes non-market information, e.g. economic news, company accounts and stock splits. Strong form: In a strong efficient market not only public but also private information is available which can tell about future spot rates. Therefore no group of investors will be able to consistently derive any above-average profits. So the strong form states that the market should be perfect in which all the information is available to everyone at the same time. Efficient market hypothesis The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) has played an important role in understanding foreign exchange market efficiency especially in the past few decades. It states that if economic agents are risk-neutral; all available information is used rationally; the market is competitive; there are no taxes, transaction costs, or other frictions; then the foreign exchange market will be efficient in the sense that the expected rate of return to speculation in the forward exchange market will be zero (Geweke and Feige, 1979 and Hansan and Hodrick, 1980). The EMH also implies that since forward rates fully reflect available information concerning investors expectations of future spot rates, the forward rates should be unbiased forecasts of the future spot rates. Technically, an efficient market is one in which observed exchange rate deviations from their long run value can be explained within information and transaction costs. So, in the absence of any new and relevant information, exchange rate s will reflect their fundamental values and there will be no opportunities for deriving above-average profits. Thus excess profit or return from business can be defined as: Zj, tâ‚ ¬Ã‚ «1 rj, tâ‚ ¬Ã‚ «1 E (rj, tâ‚ ¬Ã‚ «1 It) â‚ ¬Ã‚ ½Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1) Where rj, t+1 is the actual one period rate of return for holding currency j in the period ending at time t+1 and E (rj, t+1|It) is the expected value of that return conditional on the information set available at t. according to equation the foreign exchange market is efficient if, on average, expectation errors are zero. [E (zj, t+1|It) =0] and these errors follow no pattern that might be exploited to produce profits (zj, t is uncorrelated with zj, k+1 for any value of k). . Implications of EMH in exchange rates In the case of exchange rates, a serious complication exists in the application of the EMH. At one time, it was assumed that the forward exchange rate represented the markets expectation of the actual future value of the exchange rate. However, it is now realized that this need not be the case if risk aversion is a significant factor limiting international capital flows. Alternative theories about the causes of the bias in the forward rate are surveyed by Froot and Thaler (1990). A necessary arithmetic relation exists between the forward rate and the interest differential. For example, if the Canadian interest rate is 1 percentage point higher than its U.S. counterpart, then the one year forward rate for the Canadian dollar must represent a 1 percent depreciation of the Canadian dollar vis-a-vis the U.S. dollar. This is called covered interest arbitrage, and if it did not hold then an opportunity would be available to make a riskless excess profit by lending in one country or the oth er. The forward rate is the mirror image of the interest rate differential that prevails between Canada and the United States, and in principle either one of the could be the cause of the other. If the forward rate were the markets actual expectation of the future value of the spot exchange rate, it would imply that interest rate differentials are determined by the expected change in the exchange rate embodied in the forward rate. In that case, Canada could have a higher interest rate than the United States only because the market expected the Canadian dollar to decline correspondingly in the coming year. To sum up, two alternatives are possible as to what the actual market expectation of the dollars future value is. Suppose the spot rate is 80 cents, the one-year forward rate is 77 cents, and the Canadian one-year interest rate is 3 percentage points higher than its U.S. counterpart. This could mean either: The market expects that the Canadian dollar will decline 3 percent over the coming year, and this is why money does not continue to flood into Canada until it eliminates the interest differential. (This would imply that the forward rate is the EMH predictor of the one-year-ahead exchange rate, because it always shows a 3 percent depreciation when the Canadian interest rate is 3 percentage points higher). Alternatively, the market expects the exchange rate to stay about where it is now. In that case, why doesnt an infinite amount of money flood into Canada to eliminate that wide interest differential? Because, while the central expectation is that the Canadian dollar will remain unchanged, there is a perceived risk that it might depreciate as much as, perhaps, 10 percent, and it may also appreciate 10 percent. But if investors are risk averse, they will put greater weight on the risk of depreciation, and limit their investments in Canada at such a point that the Canadian interest rate remains well above the U.S. interest rates. Either one of these alternatives is possible. Therefore, EMH does not make any clear prediction about what the future value of the dollar will be. Forward exchange rates are unbiased predictors of future spot rates Forward rate is the currently determined rate of exchange for a transaction to be carried out in the future. For example, the 90-day forward rate is the exchange rate to be applied to a transaction which is agreed to be completed at the end of 90 days from the date of agreement. The spot exchange rate prevailing in the market at the end of the 90-day period may be referred as the future spot rate. To find whether forward rate can be used to predict the future spot rate or not, there is a hypothesis, which postulates that the forward exchange rates are unbiased predictors of future spot rates in the exchange market. Technically speaking, an unbiased predictor is one that is just likely to overestimate as to underestimate a value, but these errors in the opposite directions are likely to offset each other in the long run. As discussed above this hypothesis is based on the assumption that for the major free floating currencies, the foreign exchange markets are reasonably efficient. Let us discuss this in light of an example: The 30-day forward rate of British Pounds is $1.40 and the general expectation of speculation is that the future rate of pound will be $1.45 in 30 days. Since speculator expect the future spot rate to be $1.45 and then sell them when received (in 30 days) at the spot rate existing then. If their forecast is correct, they will earn $.05 per pound, i.e. $1.45 $1.40. If a large number of speculators implement this strategy, the substantial forward purchases of pounds will cause the forward rate to increase until the speculative demand stops. Perhaps this demand will terminate when the forward rate reaches $1.45, since at this rate no profit will be expected by implementing the strategy. Thus the forward rate moves toward the markets general expectation of the future spot rate. In this sense the forward rate serves as the market based forecast of predictor of the future spot rate, as it reflects the markets expectation of the spot rate at the end of the forward horizon (30 days in this case). It can also be implied, If todays expectation of future exchange rate is unbiased, and if the forward and future prices equal that expectation, we would find that todays forward, on an average and in the long run equal the subsequently observed spot exchange rate. Thus there are two things to be considered: first, does the forward price equal the markets expectation of the future exchange rate? Second, is todays expectation of the future spot exchange rate unbiased? That is, does todays expectation of the future spot exchange rate equal the actual observed rate? Unfortunately, there is no truly accurate way to observe todays market expectation of future exchange rates. Therefore, most tests assume that the market expectation is an unbiased estimate of future spot exchange rate. Under this assumption scholars have tested the relationship between the forward and observed spot rate. They test the following equivalence: F0, t = St à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1) Where, F0, t = the forward price at t=0 for contract expiring at time t and St = the spot exchange rate observed at time t. Testing the equivalence in above equation determines whether the forward price is a good estimate of the future spot rate of exchange. Even if there are large deviations between the two prices in equation, it is still possible that the forward price would provide a prediction of the future spot rate. An unbiased predictor is a predictor whose expected value equals the variable being predicted. In other words, if the quantity F0, t St equals zero, on average, the forward prices would provide an unbiased estimate of the future spot rate of exchange. Although the forward rates are predictors of future spot rates, but only in the condition of risk-neutrality. If risk neutral spectaculars are available in sufficient quantity, their profit-seeking activity will drive the future prices toward equality with the expected future spot price. And there are many factors which affect the future spot exchange rates like interest rates, inflation rates and price levels. So, the linkages among interest rates, price levels, expected inflation and exchange rates emphasizes the fundamental relationship that exists between the forward and future foreign exchange prices, on the one hand, and the expected future value of the currencies, on the other. To investigate this relationship let us consider the table shown in appendix. It can be seen that in the left panel, a set of consistent exchange rates, interest rates, expected inflation rates and tortilla prices are presented for March 20, 2009. The right panel presents the expected spot exchange rate for March 20, 2010, along with expected tortilla prices, consistent with the expected levels of inflation in Mexico and United States. Assuming, all of these values hold and that the expected spot exchange rate in one year is MP 11 per dollar. With the Mar, 2010 future prices of 10.45 MP/$, a speculative opportunity exists as follows. A speculator might buy futures contract for the delivery of dollars in one year for MP 10.45/$. If the expectation that the dollar will be worth MP 11 in one year, will be correct, the speculator will earn a profit that results from acquiring a dollar via the futures market for MP10.45 and selling it for the price of MP 11. If we assume that risk-neutral speculators are present in the foreign exchange market, the discrepancy betwe en the future prices of 10.45 MP/$ and an expected spot exchange rate of 11 MP/$ (at the time the future contract matures) cannot exist. In fact, given a profusion of risk-neutral speculators, the only expected spot exchange rate to prevail on March 20, 2010, which would eliminate the incentive to speculate, would be 10.45 MP/$. Of course, different market participants have different expectations regarding inflation rates and expected future spot exchange rates, and this difference in expectations is the necessary requirement for speculation. No predictor is perfect; therefore, it is possible that the forward or future prices may seem to be error-ridden. While earlier studies generally found that forward exchange prices are were predictors of future spot rates, later studies clearly find bias and large errors in the future forecasts of subsequent spot prices. In summary, the errors in forecasts of future exchange rates appear to be large and biases do seem to exist in these forecasts, although the biases appear to be too small to allow profitable exploitation of efficient markets. Conclusion: Famas 1965 insight- Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) irreversibly changed the way we look at financial markets. The impact of the theory of efficient markets has proven to be durable and seems likely to continue to be so, despite its inevitable and painfully obvious limitations. And there have been a number of studies of the forecasting accuracy of future and forward exchange rates. Most of these studies find significant errors or biases in the future based forecasts. However, compared with most professional forecasting services, the forward exchange rates still provides a superior forecast of future spot rates. Only if the investors are risk-neutral, then the forward rates may be a guide for predicting and determining the future spot rate. But normally, the investors are risk- averse and they need some amount of premium over and above the forward rate and because of this premium the forward rate alone cannot shape the future spot rate. References: Aggarwal, R., Mohanty, K.S. Lin, T.W. (2008). Are forward exchange rates rational forecast of future spot rates? An improved econometric analysis for the major currencies. Multinational finance journal. 20 (2), pp-22-25. Ball, R. (2009). The global financial crises and the efficient market hypothesis: what have we learned? Journal of applied corporate finance, forthcoming. November, 5. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1502815 Accessed at: 1st May, 2010 Buser, A.S., Karolyi, A.G. Sanders, B.A. (1996). Adjusted forward rates as predictors of future spot rates. April, 1996. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=40165 Accessed at: 3rd May, 2010 Fama, E. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical work. Journal of finance, 25, pp- 383-417. Froot, Kenneth A   Thaler, Richard H,  1990. Foreign Exchange, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 4(3), pages 179-92 Geweke, J. Feige, E. (1979). some joint test of efficiency of markets for forward foreign exchange, review of economics and statistics, 61, 334-41 Hansen, L.P. Hodricks, R.J. (1980). Forward exchange rates as optimal predictors of future spot rates: An economic analysis, Journal of political economy, 88, 829-53. Kolb, W.R. Overdahl, A.J. (2007). Futures, options and swaps (5th Eds). Oxford: Blackwell publishing. Kumar, V.R. (2007). Testing forward rate unbiasedness in India: an econometric analysis of Indo-US forex market. International research journal of finance and economics, 12(4), pp 56-66. Levich, R.M. (1983). Exchange rate forecasting techniques, in George, A.M and Giddy, I.H. (Eds). International finance handbook. New York: Wiley. Nguyen, J. (2004). The efficient market hypothesis: Is it applicable to the foreign exchange market? Economics working paper series. University of Wollongong. Available at: http://www.uow.edu.au/content/groups/public/@web/@commerce/@econ/documents/doc/uow012181.pdf Accessed at: 30th April, 2010 Salvatore, D. (1993). International economics. New York: Mac Millan Publishing. Sarno, L. Taylor, P.M. (2002). The economics of exchange rates. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. Sharan, V. (2009). International financial management (5th Eds). New Delhi: PHI. Stanley, M. (2009). Market efficiency and risk management. The journal of applied corporate finance, 21(4), pp- 98-99.

How Do You Respond To Mid-Term Break? What techniques does Heaney use? :: English Literature

How Do You Respond To Mid-Term Break? What techniques does Heaney use? Having read the title Mid-Term Break, I assumed that the poem Having read the title ‘Mid-Term Break’, I assumed that the poem was about a student’s holiday abroad or something similar, however as I progressed through reading the play, I realized that it had a different meaning. The poem has a very deceiving title, a mid-term break is supposed to be a joyous time of holiday but here Heaney must deal with the death of a family member. This misleading title is the first technique used by Heaney to attract the attention of the reader. The poem is also told in first person and this gives the effect that the emotions come straight from the boy to the reader. We respond directly to the boy, which provokes greater sympathy in us when we find out that his brother dies. The first stanza is telling us that the boy is away from home, isolated, upset and waiting. It is made up of short sentences to build up tension and create shock as though the reader is expecting something to happen. One phrase that struck me was ‘our neighbors drove me home’. This suggested to me that something had happened as usually a student’s parents take them to and from school. We then find out that the father, apparently always strong at other funerals, is distraught, while the mother is too angry to cry. Also the euphemism used by ‘Big Jim Evans’ – ‘it's a hard blow’. Having read this I thought it suggested that he probably is afraid to express his condolences and tries to make it as manly as possible. But later I realized that ‘Big Jim Evans’ is speaking of a metaphorical ‘blow’ as we find out that the boy was killed in a car crash. Heaney then walks into the living room and is met by older men. They stand to greet him and they shake his hand and one says ‘Sorry for my trouble’. This was rare for him because these men were treating him as an equal and I was confused at this point as to why older men were apologizing to a young boy and turned to respect him. This is another technique used to create more tension. By telling us his emotions "I was embarrassed" we have a better idea of the atmosphere around him. We can tell by the tone in which the boy introduces his family, that he is not content with the current situation. He then enters the bedroom of his brother.

The Black Prince :: Essays Papers

The Black Prince (1330-1376) The Black Prince was the eldest son of King Edward the 3rd. His real name was Prince Edward Plantagenet and he was born in June of 1330 at the royal palace of Woodstock. The Black Prince grew up to become one of the most famous me diaeval warriors of all time. It is not really known where his nickname (the Black Prince) stemmed from, however, it is certain that it originated about two hundred years after his death. There is no evidence to support that he wore black armor, which seems to have inspired the very famous nickname. He did, however, carry a shield of peace which was predominantly black. This is probably the most likely reason for his nickname. The Black Prince was an exceptional knight who also had a gift for commanding armies. His skills as a commander became legendary throughout Europe. His most exceptional achievement, which was probably the main reason for his name becoming a legend, was his remarkable defeat of the French forces at Poitiers in 1356 during the Hundred Years War. This defeat also lead to the capture of the French King John the II. In order to celebrate his many victories the Black Prince would often hold vast celebrations which consisted of tournaments and banquets. These celebrations would often be very expensive and they would draw large amounts of money from his estates. This careless spending of money would usually lead to disorder throughout his Kingdom. The Black Prince was the King of England from 1327 to 1377. While King he was capable of being very cruel. His cruelties ranged from spending money on parties, which was badly needed by the people of his estates, to the horrible offense of torture. While he was King, at age 31, the Black Prince married Joan Plantagenet who was 33 at the time of her marriage to the Black Prince. While he may have been able to cheat death on the battlefield he wasn't, however, able to cheat death off the battlefield. The Black Prince caught a disease while in Spain.

Ancient South American Foodways Essay examples -- Domestication, Plant

Ancient South American Foodways Domestication of plants and animals has long been indicated as a main causational factor for population increase and socio-political complexity. Evidence of domestication of plants in South America has been said of have initially occurred 8000 BC, evidence of squash in Ecuador (Pearsall 2008:107), and 500 years earlier lima beans and chili peppers are being exploited (Lynch 1983:125-6). However, it took several millennia for intensive manipulation of plants to become standard practice for subsistence. The Archaic transition occurred around 3000 BC was identifiable for its â€Å"broadly based subsistence, experimental agriculture, seasonal nomadism giving way to sedentism, and technological proliferation† (Lynch 1983:91). By the end of the Paleo-Indian times the shift to agriculture and cultivation came to a head during Pre-ceramic 2500 BC quinoa, maize, gourd, squash, potato, beans and lucuma were now utilized for agricultural domestication—the Formative stage according the Lynch (1983:91) ca. 2000 BC had â€Å"intensive agriculture, full sedentism, class systems, corporate labor projects, and temple-based religions.† Before and continuing through the advent of irrigation agriculture, South Americans diets and main source of protein was marine based. â€Å"Fishing is very nearly as old in the new world as the presence of humans—seafood not just agriculture underwrote the first formation of Andean Civilization† (Isbell, Sandweiss, Silver 2008:147). Small sea villages eventually provided a mutual trade system for larger complex towns—exchange of maritime resources for agricultural products. The advent of irrigation agriculture was vital in the formation of complex villages. The trajectory of irrigation in Sou... ...ithin and without the temple precincts, Chavin possessed elements which were to became standard in later Andean cities† (Bruhns, 1994:131). Also, Chiripa located near the Southern end of Lake Titicaca (600-100 BC), because a model for later temple structures particularly the Kidder Temple at Pucara. The site consisted of rectangular buildings around a central patio and each site in the complex housed a sunken rectangular temple. Consistencies across Nazca settlement patterns indicate urban planning strategies and monitoring systems. The Incan culture derived from Tiwanaku. Incan empire expanded from its core, Cuzco in the Cuzco Valley. Incan’s ability to cultivate and harvest resulting in techniques for food storage that could last from 3-7 years. Inca’s took the crops of those conquered nations and cultivated them ensuring seasonality differentiation abundance.

Marketing and Powdered Energy Drinks Essay

I. Introduction Kings Food (Pvt. ) Ltd, the company behind LimoPani, saw the huge market of flavoured powdered energy drinks with only few major players like Tang and Energile. In order to come out with a unique product in this market, they conducted a market research. In Pakistan’s generally hot weather, lemon juice is traditionally consumed in water to provide refreshment from the sweltering heat of the sun. You will often find â€Å"thailay walas† near bus stops or populated places selling these drinks, locally termed as â€Å"sikanjbeen† or â€Å"nibopani†. Thus, King’s Food gave birth to LimoPani as a direct competitor of Tang and Energile in powdered energy drinks market. II. Competition & Market Structure The major competitors of LimoPani are Energile and Tang. The market structure of powdered energy drinks is as follows: III. Product Product Classification LimoPani is a shopping good which transitions into a convenience good. We have classified it thus, because: ? This good initially requires comparison with other like products in the market, e. g. Tang, Energile. ?It is not very low priced. Three Levels of Product. With LimoPani we are concerned with the core benefit offered and the actual product attributes. Core Benefit LimoPani’s core benefit can be phrased as: â€Å"LimoPani is an easy-to-make instant drink which will refresh you in the Pakistani weather be it hot or cold† Actual Product ?Quality Quality has a direct impact on the product’s performance. LimoPani has been surveyed and claimed to be â€Å"great tasting† and â€Å"very refreshing†. LimoPani is considered to be a product of very high quality. ?Features LimoPani does not have any extraordinary features since it is just a beverage and an edible item which is consumed over and over again.? Branding LimoPani as a brand name has been highly successful. This is because the target market responded well to the word â€Å"LimoPani† which is lemonade in Urdu. By using a brand name which is understood all over Pakistan, the marketer brilliantly enlarged the target market, since the description of the product is in the product name itself. ?Packaging Product packaging is nicely done. It is distributed displayed well with sachets, leading to â€Å"impulse buying†. LimoPani’s packaging contains sachets of 25g, the glass jars of 250g and 500g and tin cans of 1000g and 2500g. LimoPani’s packaging can be rated higher than its competitors, on a scale of attractiveness since the colours used (lime green and yellow) are attention grabbing. IV. Price The pricing strategy followed by SunSip is â€Å"competition-based†. LimoPani’s marketers are pricing their product on the basis of similar products’ prices, especially those of Tang. The pricing comparison is shown below: LimoPaniTangEnergile SizePriceSizePriceSizePrice 250 gRs. 55250 gRs. 50100 gRs. 15 500 gRs. 105500 gRs. 110350 gRs. 70 1000 gRs. 1901000 gRs. 190 2500 gRs. 4851500 gRs. 245 V. Place The sales distribution of LimoPani is great. No matter which place you go throughout Pakistan – any neighborhood or locality of whatever class, you will find LimoPani at the shops. In Karachi, for example, you can get LimoPani from elite supermarkets markets like Ebco at the Forum, Agha’s and Naheed to small shops and convenience stores located on the roadside and near residential localities. VI. Promotion LimoPani is being mass advertised, especially in prime time at the most watched channels of Pakistan in the first 2 years of its launch. Now, as it has become a well established brand in Pakistan, it is being moderately advertised. At the time of its huge campaign launch, it heavily targeted both electronic (TV and radio) and outdoor media. The launch TVC â€Å"Caveman† was implying on the old trusted form of lemon mixed with water, establishing LimoPani as a brand composed of natural ingredients. The follow-up TVC based on the â€Å"Family† was an effort to establish that LimoPani is meant for all age groups. Currently LimoPani’s advertising pattern can be classified as a â€Å"Flighting Pattern† VI. Positioning LimoPani has positioned itself remarkably well in the minds of the massive consumer base by created an image of a very high quality Pakistani product. LimoPani is the modern style of drinking the same traditional lemon juice during hot times, yet, its advertisements show that it is a product used by the entire family, young and old. It is not surprising then that, according to a research, many old housewives and women have actually shifted from making home made lemon juice and water to using LimoPani!! In innumerable retail stores, you will find LimoPani side by side with Tang and Energile, indicating that it is now considered a premium brand in the powdered energy drink market. It is being positioned as not just an individual consumption drink but also one that can be presented to guests. Mothers give LimoPani to their kids as an energy drink; housewives present it as a drink to guests; young teenagers drink it like Coca-cola. LimoPani has successfully been recognized as a drink for all times.

Industrial Effluents in the Water Pollution Essay

Water pollution is caused by emission of domestic or urban sewage, agricultural waste, pollutants and industrial effluents into water bodies. Nowadays, its main source is the waste material discharged by industrial units. Waste materials like acids, alkalies, toxic metals, oil, grease, dyes, pesticides and even radioactive materials are poured into the water bodies by many industrial units. Some other important pollutants include polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds, lubricants and hot water discharged by power plants. The pollutants unloaded into the water bodies usually dissolve or remain suspended in water. Sometimes, they also accumulate on the bottom of the water bodies. Another important pollutant, that can endanger marine life, is the oil spilled by oil tanks. As per the estimates of the United Nations, 1. 3 million barrels of oils are spilled annually into the Persian Gulf, and about 285 million gallons are spilled into the oceans every year. In the United States, the industries contribute to more than half of the total water pollution. The industrial effluents contain pollutants like asbestos, phosphates, mercury, lead, nitrates, sulfur, sulfuric acid, oil and many other poisonous materials. In many countries, industrial water is not treated adequately before discharging it into rivers or lakes. This is particularly true in the case of small-scale industries that do not have sufficient capital to invest in pollution control equipment. In many instances, the researches and studies carried out to determine the toxicity of these pollutants are focused on the individual effect of the toxic elements. Therefore, sometimes these researches lead to an underestimation of the total toxicity of these harmful materials. Besides, their toxicity is assessed with the help of tests carried out on bacteria, which also fails to take into account the accurate toxic effects on other organisms. These harmful pollutants are a major contributor to many grave diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, hepatitis, dysentery and salmonellosis. Besides, many of the pollutants are also carcinogenic i. e. they can cause cancer. Some pollutants like sodium can cause cardiovascular diseases, while mercury and lead cause nervous disorders. DDT is another toxic material which can cause chromosomal changes. Excess fluoride in water may damage the spinal cord, while arsenic can cause significant damage to the liver and the nervous system. In addition to all these, organic compounds present in the polluted water facilitate the growth of algae and other weeds, which in turn use more oxygen dissolved in the water. This reduces the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water and the consequent shortage of oxygen for other aquatic life. In recent times, to control the menace of water pollution, various legislations have been introduced by different countries. The legislations undertaken by the United States include Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972) and the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974). Besides, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act was also amended in 1988. For the success of these legislations, cooperation of the citizens and industrial units is an important prerequisite. In addition to the enforcement and proper use of these rules and regulations, availability of efficient and cheaper pollution control techniques is also required to tackle the threat posed by water pollution.

Internet Advantages And Disadvantages Essay

Advantages: 1) Information on almost every subject imaginable.  2) Powerful search engines  3) Ability to do research from your home versus research libraries. 4) Information at various levels of study. Everything from scholarly articles to ones directed at children. 5) Message boards where people can discuss ideas on any topic. Ability to get wide range of opinions. People can find others that have a similar interest in whatever they are interested in. 6) The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone in the country. 7) Platform for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video conference with anyone in the world who also has access. 8) Friendships and love connections have been made over the internet by people involved in love/passion over similar interests. 9) Things such as Yahoo Answers and other sites where kids can have readily available help for homework. 10) News, of all kinds is available almost instantaneously. Commentary, on that news, from every conceivable viewpoint is also available. Disadvantages: 1) There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and much of it is garbage. 2) There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in dangerous situations. 3) Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with their interactions of friends and loved ones. 4) Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too easily. 5) Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing, and then realize far more time has passed than you realized. Internet and television together of added to the more sedentary lifestyles of people which further exacerbates the obesity problem. 6) Internet has a lot of â€Å"cheater† sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their own far more easily than they used to be able to do. 7) There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take advantage of people. 8) Hackers can create viruses that can get in to your personal computer and ruin valuable data. 9) Hackers can use the internet for identity theft. 10) It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just how  uneducated so many people have become in today’s society. -Advantages- -Data- and information-rich, including a range of media -Anyone can publish online (tripod.com and other hosting sites) -Learners can become researchers because of easier access to data -Search engines that are fast and powerful -Easy to use -Smaller, faster, cheaper all the time -Ability to link to people and places immediately -Global dissemination of information -Motivation for students in sharing their work online with the world Advantages FASTER COMMUNICATION The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. Newer innovations are only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. For more personal and interactive communication, you can avail the facilities of chat services, video conferencing and so on. Besides, there are plenty of messenger services in offering. With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and explore other cultures. INFORMATION RESOURCES Information is probably the biggest advantage that Internet offers. Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your service on the Internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is simply endless. Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use it for research or the purpose of gathering resources. Even teachers have started giving assignments that require extensive research on the Internet. Besides, you can have an access to latest researches in the field of medicine, technology and so on. Numerous web sites such as America’s Doctor also allow  you to tal k to the doctors online. ENTERTAINMENT Entertainment is another popular raison d’à ªtre why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, the Internet has become quite successful in trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry. Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. Even celebrities are using the Internet effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides, there are numerous games that can be downloaded for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers. SOCIAL NETWORKING One cannot imagine an online life without Facebook or Twitter. Social networking has become so popular amongst youth that it might one day replace physical networking. It has evolved as a great medium to connect with millions of people with similar interests. Apart from finding long-lost friends, you can also look for job, business opportunities on forums, communities etc. Besides, there are chat rooms where users can meet new and interesting people. Some of them may even end up finding their life partners. ONLINE SERVICES The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc., right from your home. Some travel websites even plan an Itinerary as per your preferences and take care of airline tickets, hotel reservations etc . E-COMMERCE The concept of e-commerce is used for any type of commercial maneuvering or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via the Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, business deal etc. You name a service, and e-commerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make it available at your doorstep. Websites such as eBay allow you to even bid for homes, buy, sell or auction stuff online. Disadvantages THEFT OF PERSONAL INFORMATION If you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. Unscrupulous people can access this information through unsecured connections or by planting software and then use your personal details for their benefit. Needless to say, this may land you in serious trouble. SPAMMING Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you as it makes your Internet slower and less reliable. VIRUS THREAT Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to the Internet are very prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up crashing. PORNOGRAPHY Pornography is perhaps the biggest disadvantage of the Internet. Internet allows you to access and download millions of pornographic photos, videos and other X-rated stuff. Such unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and teenagers. It can even play a havoc in marital and social lives of adults. SOCIAL DISCONNECT Thanks to the Internet, people now only meet on social networks. More and more people are getting engulfed in virtual world and drifting apart from their friends and family. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. This may hamper a healthy social development in children. Thus, the Internet has the potential to make your life simple and convenient, as well as wreak havoc in your life. Its influence is mostly dictated by the choices you make while you are online. With clever use, you can manage to harness its unlimited potential.

In my dreams

These strange eerie feelings were all too familiar to the boy who lived across the street. It was part of my daily routine to accompany the same quiet, hidden and shy boy to and from school. He very rarely spoke but was almost definitely troubled. Just like the boy the whole Charms family kept themselves to themselves. The only sightings of Mrs. Charm were of her mysterious emerald eyes peeping from behind the faded, torn curtain. When the family moved into the street my mum had urged me to welcome the new family the morning that they had arrived. A little hesitant at introducing myself to the new family, nevertheless I obeyed my mother's instruction. As I approached the first step I heard distressed voices from inside the house. The voices stopped and I knew my knocking had been heard. The blanket of cold air felt thin around me. The emptiness of the dark glaring eyes, which stared back at me when the door was opened, sent a shiver down my spine. The tense atmosphere around the house made my body freeze, but it became alive again when I heard my mother's cheerful shriek from across the road. My mother was always colourful and energetic in her ways and sure enough within a few seconds she had fully introduced both herself and me reassuring the silent figure that I would be happy to walk alongside him on our journey to school. That was when my encounters with the Charms family started and my nightmares began. Every night since that first meeting I had awoken streaming with sweat and breathless, in a panic. At first the nightmares were blurry and confusing but after several weeks the pieces of the puzzle began to slide into place. I often tried to prevent my eyes closing when I felt tired, terrified of the horrifying events which I would witness as my eyelids clamped closed. The nightmares began with an image of the blank expression of the boy who lived across the street. His eyes rolled open and it was clear that he had been disturbed from a deep sleep. I knew that this was not the first time that this had happened. He was awakened at the same time every night from his peaceful slumber. He could set his watch by it. Some nights he would be so restless that he would slide from his bed and walk the shadowy landing to the bathroom. I saw him stumble. His legs felt heavy from the interrupted sleep. Other times the boy would lie awake in bed tossing and turning. When the voices started he doubted them at first. It was a new house and a strange neighbourhood; settling down took more than a couple of weeks. But as the voices got more frequent I could see that the boy dreaded his awakening. Then one night just like the previous nights, the same routine occurred. However this night was different. The voices were clearer than before. He knew that no one other than his family was in the house, and the doors were locked. Was it his wild imagination and the unsettled atmosphere in the house? This is what he had thought before. He simply dismissed it as his mind playing tricks on him. His dark troubled eyes guided his body back to his room. He stopped outside his parents' room and paused. The voices had reached a peak and the boy now recognised whom they belonged to. The dark eyes peered around the door, which was ajar. His father appeared frightened and fearful as his mother's voice rose. I shot up in bed. Beads of sweat ran don my forehead. What the boy had seen in my dreams was what I had been dreading. The bright emerald eyes rang clearly in my memory. While I had been dreaming it had all seemed so unbelievable, only a dream. Now I was awake and everything felt so real. The boy's mother always kept herself hidden from the world and yet the father seemed to carry shame for his family. Since the move the situation had grown worse. The shouting that I had heard from inside the house at the first meeting of the family was exactly the same voices that the boy hears every night. There was nothing he could do to stop them. He could not ignore them because his body shook violently with fear as the voices got louder. The boy was helpless just like the rest of his family was. The boy's family seemed to fall apart a little more each day. His dark eyes had tried to hide the frightening secrets of his family. When I had first met the Charms family I knew that there was something strange about the atmosphere around the house but I had just dismissed the boy as shy. The whole family was part of a tangled web of anger, hate and rage. Earlier in my dream I had seen the boy's father looking fearful, but did he fear for his life? When morning came I struggled to remember the shadowy goings on in the Charms house. As I rubbed my weary eyes and the light streamed through the gap in my curtain everything started to become clearer. Confused from my sleep I was unsure of what I had seen but now I was sure. My thoughts were broken by my mum's cheery smile, which lit up my room. I urged to tell my mum what had happened in my nightmare. I had been having them for weeks now and I had wanted to tell her then. I knew that she would not have thought anything of the strange family, she was always too busy. I was always making up stories. My mum called me the joker. I had a vivid imagination. That is why I doubted that the dreams were true at the beginning, but now I was sure. I explained to my mum about the nightmares. She smiled. I knew that smile. She did not believe me!

Rome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Rome - Assignment Example They appointed numerous leading reformers to the cardinal’s college, started reform of the central administrative apparatus found in Rome, approved the founding of Jesuits, and convoked the Trent council which met occasionally from 1545 to 1563. The council succeeded in starting several administrative reforms and far-ranging ethics which was meant to set the tone and define the shape of Roman Catholicism. The subject matter of Annibale was the classic style. During his time he was seen as one of the main key painters to revive the classical style. He was able to incorporate revolutionary realism and classical reissuance art. It took place on august, 410. The Visigoth attacked the city, led by Alaric. During that time, Rome was not the capital city of the western Rome Empire, since Ravenna had took that position in 402. However, the city of Rome sustained a paramount rank as the eternal city and the center of the spiritual empire. 9. San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane by Borromini relies on a lively interplay of concave and convey walls that make it a Baroque masterpiece. Do you agree? Yes I agree, since the renaissance drew the power and wealth from there. Mosaic is an art of forming images by grouping small pieces of colored stones or glass. The oldest popular mosaic comes from 8th BC. They were made from pebbles. The Greek manufacturers enhanced this technique. The oldest examples of mosaic that are made from various materials were found at a temple in Abra, Mesopotamia. She was the daughter of Vanozza and Pope Alexander VI. She had three brothers Giovanni, Cesare and Gioffre. Her family arranged many marriages for her to powerful men in order to advance their political ambitions. Catacombs are underground cemetery. The early Christian built them during the first centuries of the Christian church. The roman permitted the Christian to bury their dead in the catacombs. Hence,

Communication Skills Used By Mental Health Nurses Essay

Communication Skills Used By Mental Health Nurses - Essay Example 6). In achieving its goal, mental health nursing used variety of theories, research, strategies, and evidence-based practice to reduce suffering and improve the quality of life. Communication skills, particularly therapeutic communication, are one of the strategies frequently used by mental health nurses to build rapport and partnership with clients that are in need of mental health care. According to Pryjmachuk (2011), communication skills refer to sets of interpersonal skills which play a vital role in making a climate conducive for therapy, such as demonstration of trust, rapport and collaboration and promotion of engagement (both client and therapist) in the therapeutic relationship (p. 61). It is through therapeutic relationship that nurses became able to understand clients’ thoughts, feelings and behavior, establish partnership and therapeutic relationship with the client, and deliver appropriate care needed. Through the years, the role of the mental health nurses has ev olved and they continuously assume various roles during nurse-client relationship. Three key influences have shaped the need and style of interpersonal communication skills among mental health nurses of United Kingdom. ... ealth arena and service user movement in mental health which heightened the pressure to workforce, human qualities and specific clinical skills; and development and evolution of mental health nursing as a profession in the post war period as a result of continuous debates on mental health nursing’s purpose (Callara, 2008, p. 154). These forces have shaped the communication skills used by mental health nurses as the recognition of mental health nursing as a profession has made interpersonal therapeutic relationship the focus of research and development and trainings among nurses. Thoughts and Feelings about Therapeutic Communication In mental health settings, therapeutic communication is the primary vehicle that nurses used (Videbeck, 2010, p. 115). I feel that this type of communication is the best tool that a mental health nurse should have and that communication skills that offer therapeutic relationship should be nurtured and enhanced professionally. I also believe that if the client and the mental health nurse have a therapeutic relationship, any interventions geared towards client recovery would be effective. I feel the need for this type of communication in mental health settings; unfortunately, not much emphasis was given to communication skills enrichment and self-awareness – the first step towards improving communication. When mental health nurses are aware of their personal attitudes, beliefs, and values, they could easily gain awareness of the factors that influenced communication, establish rapport with the clients, and build therapeutic relationships. Basavanthappa (2011) has indicated different therapeutic communication techniques that mental health nurses and I often used in a nurse-client relationship, among of which include: use of broad opening

The Purpose of Human Rights is to Protect Certain Fundamental Essay

The Purpose of Human Rights is to Protect Certain Fundamental Interests of Citizens From the Power of the State - Essay Example d reflected of individual national values and traits. Even so, in more recent times there has been a movement toward the creation of universal private law, largely consistent with and reflective of universal human right.2 Despite this emerging parallel, the purpose of private law and the purpose of human rights are entirely different. This paper identifies the key differences between private law and human rights by examining their respective purposes. The Purpose of Human Rights The term human rights originate from the term â€Å"natural rights† and typically involve the term â€Å"universal rights†.3 Thus, natural and universal rights are embodiments of the political and moral thought that certain freedoms and rights are automatic to all individuals for the simple reason that they are all human beings.4 In fact, Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (UDHR)informs that, â€Å"all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights†.5 Article 2 goes on to state that: everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.6 It can therefore be concluded from Articles 1 and 2 of the UDHR, that the purpose of human rights is to identify and describe the natural rights of mankind and to direct states to take measures that are appropriate for safeguarding and promoting those rights. Fagan confirms this conclusion by observing that both interest and choice theories of human rights agree that human rights are intended to â€Å"protect and promote the conditions for a certain quality of life for all†.7 The justification and purpose of human rights was motivated by the human atrocities committed by the state (Germany) during the Second World War. Thus ultimately, human rights as described by the UDHR seek to place constraints on the s tate’s ability to use its power against the dignity of its citizens. In this regard, liberal theory is instructive. According to liberal theory, state sovereignty dictates that all political and public authority belongs to the state. Therefore it is the state’s ultimate responsibility to protect and promote the natural rights and dignity of citizens within its state’s borders.8 Human rights are intended to recognize the vulnerability of human citizens to the authority of the state and to offer a method by which human citizens can be strengthened and can thus make claims against a state that seeks to exploit its own power and the vulnerability of the citizens within its territory.9 Donnelly explains that human rights identify common human values while private law embodies the underlying values that human beings do not have an automatic right to.10 Donnelly specifically states: Human rights are not just abstract values such as liberty, equality, and security. They are rights, particular social practices to realize those rights. A human right thus should not be confused with the values or aspirations underlying it or with enjoyment of the object of the right.11 For example the universal right against arbitrary capital punishment may be enjoyed independent of any universal human rights regime and quite simply because of underlying custom, practice or religious or moral codes. Human rights

The Economy of Bermuda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Economy of Bermuda - Research Paper Example The country has enjoyed steady economic superiority since the end of the Second World War, although it has been affected by recession since 2007 following the global recession. The country enjoys the fourth highest per capita income, which is 50 percent higher than that of the US. The industrial sector mainly focuses on construction, and there is little agriculture since only 20 percent of the island is arable. Bermuda has a robust financial regulatory system making it an important regional and global offshore financial center. International business is the major foreign exchange generating industry in the country (Anderson, 2011). Bermuda is a reinsurance center and an insurance region with firms writing significant business from USA and U.K. In 2010, 15,078 international companies were registered in the island, many of which are U.S owned (Reinsurance Association of America, 2011). These companies spent approximately $2 billion in the country in 2009, making them an important source of foreign exchange. This sector provided $1.5 billion in its total output corresponding to 26.1 percent of the total GDP. International business is also the third largest employer in the country. The sector had 4,287 jobs in 2010, a reduction from 4,431 in 2009. This reduction has made tourism the largest employer in Bermuda. Bermuda has little exports and manufacturing since most manufactured goods and foodstuffs are imported. The value of imports rose from $551 million in 1994 to 1.051 billion on 2009. USA is the primary trading partner for Bermuda, with $663 million coming from U.S imports (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2011). Other countries involved in the import chain are the UK, Canada, and Caribbean countries. Bermuda’s exports are mainly re-exports of pharmaceuticals. These exports are valued at $783 million and export partners include Spain, Germany, Denmark, and the UK.

COMMERCIAL LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

COMMERCIAL LAW - Essay Example However, in protecting the interests of consumers, the Act does not go to the other extreme of compromising the interests of lenders. Since one of the requirements of the Act is that lenders and businesses offering credit are to seek a license before they can enter the business of credit, therefore the Act also protects the interests of genuine lenders by enforcing the repayment of debts that consumers may incur, which cannot be easily escaped. One of the notable provisions of the Consumer Credit Act of 1974 which has often been questioned is Section 127(3) which allows for certain agreements t be completed nullified if they are considered extortionate. This is one of the radical reform measures being undertaken through the new Consumer Credit Act of 2006, which does away with this provisions and introduces some fresh measures for the protection of lenders, such as allowing a wider range of small businesses to also enjoy the protection afforded to individuals. However, the scrutiny and screening of lenders and donors of credit has also increased considerably through the enhanced powers that are provided to the OFT under the new Act of 2006. The Consumer Credit Act of 1974 is specifically formulated to regulate all consumer credit and consumer hire arrangements that deal with amounts that are less than 25,000 pounds (www.dti.gov.uk). Therefore at the outset, by regulating such low cost transactions, it works to the benefit of average low and middle income consumers rather than targeting the rich and wealthy who are few in number. The Act also lays out a definition of the range of individuals who are to be protected by the Act . One of the ways in which the Act protects consumers is by laying down the form and contents which agreements are to be composed of, providing redressal procedures that must be adopted in case there is a default or a termination of the credit arrangement by either party and by disallowing extortionate credit bargains. For

Asata Shakur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Asata Shakur - Essay Example Finally, the article will explain how incarceration shaped her political visions and the differences and similarities of the person today and those experienced by Shakur in 1990’s. Formerly, Joanne Deborah Chesimard, Assata Shakur managed to gain a very mythical status in the eyes of most of the observers. To her supporters she stood out as a much-focused woman with visions, action and courage who never got to receive any justice (Shakur 247 (b)). To the U.S. Federal Bureau of Justice, on the other hand, as a leader of the considered the most violent militant organization of the blacks in the 1970s. In her description, she is a black revolutionary, just like the other fighters for the civil rights of the blacks such as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and Marcus Garvey. It is on this ground that an analysis of the similarities and differences between the political views of Shakur and two other black nationalists: Martin Luther King and Marcus Garvey, is carried out. One very significant and the most outstanding similar ideology, which may be said to cut across all the black nationalists is the failure to reject armed struggle. Especially, as a means of attaining freedom and abolishment of the very unfair racial segregation laws that were imposed by the then existent governments (Roman and Littlefield 24). All the leaders have the same mission of establishing equality and peace. Just as Shakur strived to see to it that the equality laws are effectively and equally enforced on each and every individual. King relentlessly pursued the putting to end by the Supreme Court the laws of segregation, and that they are just to all. Marcus Garvey, similarly, fought for the same equality demanded by blacks all over the world. Even though the situations of the various nationalists may have been different, they all tried to establish peace and equality. For instance, Martin Luther king insisted on the need for peaceful negotiations without armament, which was

Workplace Privacy Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words

Workplace Privacy - Thesis Example In this scenario, the extent to which an employee can monitor and where he needs to draw a line is a major concern for both employers and employees. Employers find it crucial to monitor their workplaces due to fraud and theft, productivity, security concerns which stem from internal workforce either directly or indirectly. They utilize monitoring methods and application that range from telephone monitoring to genetic testing. On the other hand, employees regard it as intrusive monitoring that invades their right to privacy without reasonable justification. Though the right to privacy is not explicitly given in U.S. Constitution, there are certain amendments (1st, 4th, and 9th) and Acts that ensure employees privacy rights. However these conflicting interests give rise to legal issues and lawsuits from employees in United States. This paper analyses the idea of workplace privacy, some of its legal and technological aspects, gives an in-depth review of employers and employees perspecti ve on the issue, and considering the complex nature of the privacy in workplace. It is inferred that employers and government should collectively fill the gaps between law and emerging technology related privacy issues for better workplace. 2. Defining workplace privacy There are a number of ways to define privacy. Earlier definition of privacy concentrated on a person’s right to his individual privacy which refers to his right to be alone and at a distance from other people(Chapin 164;Bates 839).However, research on this perception soon expanded and a person’s environment is also included as an element in the discussion of privacy(Bellingar and Virginia 2).Spreading it further Schwartz stated:â€Å"