Cultural Influences On Emotional Expression and Perception Essay

E real nonpareil is uniquely shaped, and should not be compargond with others. Expressing ourselves can differentiate from other ports since we are unique in each and every way. Some similarities whitethorn exist, but not necessarily every aspect of what we tend to express. As defined in the textbook, unrestrained expression is the most important representation of our emotions, and may be similar to others (Adler, Proctor, and Towne 137). Perception is part of the ruttish expression because it is the process of selecting, acquiring, interpreting, and organizing sensory information (wikipedia.org).These two are important because we express what we express with the wisdom of our emotional expression. Different situations will topic in different perception of emotional expression. For example, we may jump when we regain excitement or cry when we feel grief. Every expression we make is impound on what we feel in that particular event. We live in a country with a very divers(pren ominal) culture, and everyone is raise differently base on their culture. This paper will talk about the cultural influences on emotional expression and perception. Examples, description, and explanation will alike be given to further explain the topic.Although many emotions and expressions of emotions are universal, some differences exist among many cultures. The comparison of both cultural similarity and difference has been very important in the area of emotional expression and perception (Matsumoto par. 2). It is very helpful to know the similarities and differences in emotion across cultures. It helps us perceive the authority of emotion in our lives and the importance of emotion to our thinking and behaving. People in different cultures categorize emotions differently. Some languages have classification for emotions that are not classified ad in other languages.It is a belief that nonverbal expressions of emotion differ across cultures, due to the fact that different culture s have different demonstration rules. pageantry rules are norms that tell people whether, which, how, and when emotions should be displayed (wikipedia.org). The power of cultural norm determines how and when to show emotions that is not actually felt. The comparison of emotions helps us understand the routine of emotional expression and nonverbal behaviors in social interactions to improve interaction among people from different cultural backgrounds.In addition, when comparing expressions, people of different cultures agree on which is more strongly expressed? Cross-cultural look indicates that the answer to this question is yes. Itziar and Fernandez compared these differences in paired expression of the same(p) emotion (par. 5). According to the research, the result was that cardinal percent of the time, the ten cultures in their study agree on which of two expressions was more intense (Fernandez, Carrera, Sanchez, Paez, and Candia par. 5). For example, looking separately for each emotion, American and Japanese agreed on which photo were more intense in 24 out of 30 comparison. These findings are important because they purpose that people of different cultures use the same visual cues in judging others (Fernandez, Carrera, Sanchez, Paez, and Candia par. 8).The role of culture in emotional control is shown most explicitly through the use of display rules. Display rules are learned, culturally determined norms that govern peoples display of emotions in different social situations (Matsumoto, 1990). Matsumoto (1972) found cultural differences in display rules when a assemblage of Japanese and American students were shown stressful film stimuli in two conditions. In the alone condition, both the Japanese and American students displayed the same negative facial expressions of fear, disgust, and distress.However, when the experimenter was present, the Japanese students smiled to mask their negative emotions while the Americans continued to exhibit their nega tive affects. Furthermore, a study by Matsumoto (1990) found that Americans rated disgust and sadness as more appropriate in in- stems than did the Japanese. In contrast, the Japanese rated anger as more appropriate in out- crowds than did the Americans. The above findings suggest that the Japanese and American students utilized different sets of display rules which influenced either their expression or quelling of their emotions (Matsumoto par. 2).The different sets of display rules can be understood in terms of the American and Japanese emphasis on individualism versus collectivism respectively. Individualism and collectivism are dimensions of cultural variability that refer to the degree to which a culture encourages individual needs, wishes, desires, and values over that of the group(Matsumoto, 1990). For example, individualistic cultures emphasize individual goals and independence. Collectivist cultures, on the other hand, stress collective goals and dependence on the group (M atsumoto, 1989).It could be understood in this circumstance that the expression of negative emotions in an in-group setting is estimationed as extremely negative in collectivist countries, since the manifestations of such emotions threatens the interdependent relationship of the group. In an individualist country, however, the expression of both positive and negative emotions may feel right and good since such expressions highlight both the separation of self from others and the individuals private, informal attributes (Forgas and Bond, 1994). What may feel good wherefore, in this case the inhibition or expression of emotions, is largely dependent on ones culture and socialization. To consequence this idea a step further, the correlation between emotional inhibition and social welfare, either negative or positive, may be dependent on ones respective culture.A past research on the relationship between emotional control and well-being has yielded conflicting findings. Where one line of research suggests that the active inhibition of emotions will lead to an increase in physiological arousal and a decrease in well-being, the other proposes that the inhibition of emotions will result in a higher level of well-being. The aim of the present study is to unravel parts of the conflict by examining the influence of gender and culture on the relationship between emotional control and well-being in two ethnic groups, Asians and Caucasians (Aeker and Williams par. 10).Furthermore, seventy-nine participants were asked to fill out questionnaires assessingtheir level of emotional inhibition, subjective well-being, and acknowledgement with anindividualistic versus collectivist culture. Results found that Caucasians and Asians differed onthe individualism-collectivism scale, with Caucasians being more individualistic and Asiansmore collectivists. The effect of culture was found with Caucasians having a negative correlationbetween emotional inhibition and well-being while Asians having an around vigour correlation.Influence of gender was in like manner found in which increases in the level of emotional inhibition isnegatively correlated to well-being for the fe potent sample, but for the male sample, there wasagain a zero correlation. An interactive effect of culture and gender was similarly found with Asianmales having the most positive correlation between emotional inhibition and well-being, andCaucasian females having the most negative correlation between emotional inhibition and well-being. Explanations of the findings in terms of gender and cultural norms are discussed(Matsumoto par. 5).The interacting effects of cultural and gender norms were also demonstrated. Asian maleswho were high on emotional inhibition were highest on well-being and Caucasian females whowere high on emotional inhibition were lowest on well-being. The results could be understood inthe context that Asian males are socialized by both their gender and cultural norms to inhibit their emotions. The act of inhibition is then consistent with what they count they should do. Caucasian females, on the other hand, are told by both their gender and cultural norms to express their emotions. The act of inhibition is then contradictory to these expectations. It makes sense then that when ones actions are consistent with ones perceived cultural and gender expectations, the result would be a higher level of well-being than when the actions are contradictory to the expectations.Though the results demonstrate that both culture and gender influence the relationship between emotional control and well-being, the present study also has important limitations. First, the emotional inhibition scale measures the inhibition of both positive and negative emotions. It can be understood from a collectivist context why the inhibition of negative emotions is valued because the expression of such emotions is deemed threatening to the group. However, the expression of positive emotions is not only non-threatening but can actually facilitate group harmony. It can then be predicted that for negative emotions, inhibition will correlate positively with well-being. However, since the inhibition of positive emotions is contrary to the cultural norms, the inhibition of positive emotions will correlate negatively with well-being. Since the emotionalinhibition scale combined both types of emotions, we can speculate that there might be a canceling effect, resulting in the zero correlation found for the Asian sample.Furthermore, the Asian sample in the present study consists of students from U.C. Berkeley. It can be speculated that these students have to some extent acculturated into the American organisation and perhaps have embraced parts of the individualist culture, such as the value of expressiveness. Though the ICIAI depicts significant cultural difference between the Asians and Caucasian sample, the issue of socializing can be reduced with cross-cultural re search comparing the U.S. population with the Asian population.To investigate further the meaning of differences, Matsumoto (1993) showed ratings from Japanese and Americans on smiling versus non-smiling faces with regard to intelligence,attractiveness, and sociability. Americans rated smiling faces as more intelligent than neutral faces the Japanese, however, did not. Americans and Japanese both found smiling faces more sociable than neutral faces, but for the Americans the difference was greater. These differences suggest that cultural display rules cause of Japanese and Americans to attribute different meanings to the smile, and serve as a good explanation for perceived major differences in discourse styles across cultures.Evidently, the study has contributed to the understanding of the relationship between emotional expression and culture. Although results have shown that there are definitely effects of culture on emotional expression and perception, the future research is need ed to extend the influence. For example, a study measuring the expression of positive and negative emotions separately will be easier to understand on how cultural norms affect the emotional expression and perception. The finding of cultural influence is a great step forward in understanding the role of emotional expression. However, it is just the beginning in investigating the complex between the control of emotions and our perception.Summing up, this paper talked about the different expressions the people indifferent cultures gave. Everyone is brought up differently and taught differently. Therefore, we express our emotion differently because of the surroundings we grew up in, and the people that influenced us. Although people in certain parts of the world are different in terms of the background, tradition, and norm and so on, all of us are crossing that barrier on having friends by effective communication. We shouldnt prejudice other persons forwards thoroughly knowing them be cause stereotyping is typically wrong. If people start to get to thoroughly understand differences of others, then this will become the beginning of making best friendships than ever.BibliographyAdler, Ronald B., Russell F. Proctor, and Neil Towne. looking for Out Looking In. 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