Budgeting Process and Performance Analysis of Vershire

Budgeting Process and Performance Analysis of Vershire bon ton Description and BackgroundVershire bon ton is a diversified packaging corporation with various striking plane sections. Its close to prominent segment the Aluminum Can voice, is one of the largest manufacturers of aluminum boozing cans in the United states. This case focuses on the ciphering process and act digest of Vershire. A major concern of the club is pleasing the customers as well-nigh of their buyers have several suppliers on hand, meaning that Vershire can be comfortably replaced if the customers expectations on quality, cost or service argon not met. As a result, efficiency and low costs are top priorities to the company. The principal(prenominal) problem of Vershire is that they are treat arranges as internet centres instead of set d birth centres, which is an inefficient criterionment of performance for manufacturing instals.QuestionsVershire Companys Planning g everywherening bodyStrengths ingrediental passenger vehicles settle reports to predict outlook on gross revenue and capital requirements five old age forward as a part of the strategic planning process. This demonstrates the companys preparedness for future event predictions and its ability to formulate long term goalsgross receipts directing are formulated at the bodily level and so sent to the divisional managers for compendium and fine tuning. This promotes more realistic and true numbers as the managers understand and know how each(prenominal) line functions personallyBefore the submission of budget plans, minceler staff from the head pip visits each congeal to analyze the current operations and gives the opportunity for fructify managers to explain their situation and reasoning behind their numbers, improving accuracy and usability of these documents failingCorporate headquarters make fundamental assumptions such(prenominal) as forward-looking harvest-festivals, new plants, inventory ca rry overs, forward buying, and packaging trends, even though divisional managers are responsible for managing the division which lowers the accuracy of the forecast and come down efficiency due to necessary corrections during reviewAll division lines use the same method of forecasting regardless of size, which impedes on the accuracy due to the opposite customer base, products and demands each line possesses regularize managers check the sales budgets rather than the plant managers even though it is the responsibility of the plant managers to achieve the goal and is tied to their performance reportVershire Companys Controlling SystemStrengthsDivisional managers are given full meet over their own business with exceptions to the raising of capital and labour relations which are centralize at head office. This allows the opportunity for divisional managers to make necessary decisions that is particularised to achieving their own objectivesQuick and easy communication between vari ous levels deep down the organization as there are few tiers in the divisionConsistent effort in meeting the companys budget as large unfavourable variances are to be do aware of on a daily basis by plant managers and variance analysis sheets are prepared monthlyWeaknessesVershire focuses on profit for measuring the plant managers performance and to determine bonuses. This analysis tool is not efficient as there are other contributing factors to determine the effectiveness of plant managerswhitethornDivisional General Managers formulate preliminary report summarizing the outlooks for sales, income and capital requirements for the neighboring budget year and appraises trends anticipated for the two subsequent geezerhood for corporate management principle Divisional General Managers possesses the most knowledge intimately their own region and is more equipped to create these documents. It also provides a rough idea of where areas of productions can be purifydCentral grocery R esearch staff bring outs a more formal market assessment, examining the close budget year in detail and the following two years in general termsRationale Uses the information provided by the divisional managers to produce a more refined and exposit market analysisCentral Market Research staff develops separate sales forecasts for each division and a combined forecast for the entire companyTopics such as economic conditions and their impact on customers and market manage for different products by geographical area are taken into account primal assumptions are made to price, new products, changes in particular accounts, new plants and so forth in order to produce forecastRationale Promotes uniformity in the formulation in all sales forecasts, determine areas for improvement, assesses areas where market share can grow, and ensures that overall corporate sales forecasts were both reasonable and accomplishableDivisional Managers compile their own sales forecast from bottom up with i nput from District Sales Managers to be submitted for review by the criminality President of tradeRationale To review of the head offices sales forecast and mark any changes and additional investments needed. District Managers inputs are utilized as theyre most familiar with sales (more straight estimates)Vice President of Marketing reviews consolidated sales forecasts and submits it to corporate levelNo changes are made unless the district manager agreed who is originally responsible for the forecastRationale Ensures the forecasts accurately reflects both the knowledge of the district manager and the vice chairwoman of marketingProcess is repeated on the corporate level (approval from District Manager if needed) until budget get words are approved and become a frosty objectiveRationaleEnsures that all levels of the company is agreement to the calculated figure and that the budget is sufficient to achieve company goalsOverall sales budget is translated and broken down according to the plants from which finished goods would be shipped and sent to launch ManagersRationale Sales budget are sent to these plants as they are the ones to generate revenues establish Managers then categorized the budget according to price, tawdriness and end useOnce categorized, the plant managers budget for gross profit, located expenses and pre-tax incomeCan request help for the Industrial Engineering Department to develop cost reducing plansRationale All cost standards and cost reduction targets are developed by the Industrial Engineering, therefore, it makes sure that numbers unchanging and reasonable for inputBefore the submitting budgets, controller staff visit each plant and review plans with managers (usually takes half a day) until it is finalized and sent to Division transport OfficeRationale Gives opportunity for plant managers to reason their figuresSeptemberDivision Head office looks over budget and may return it to Plant Manager if discrepancy is foundWill ask p lant manager to looks for any additional savings if the budget is not quite in line with expectationsWhen it is finalized, the budget will be sent to the Chief executive OfficerRationale Due to the plant manger having direct acknowledge with the plants operations, it is necessary for them to make any changes for savingsDecemberChief decision maker Officer makes any modifications to the final budget if needed until it is sent it to the notice of Directors for final budget approvalFinal review and ensures that budget is allow for corporate goalsPlant managers should not be fully responsible for dinero as they arent able to control all aspects of the products profitability. Since profit is calculated from revenue subtract expenditures, plant managers should only be responsible for expenses, a measure that they can control. This includes direct material and labour, variable manufacturing budget items and fixed overhead budget. Revenues are usually controlled by the sales incision which possesses control over the price, sales mix, and delivery schedules of products. Also, since the sales managers opinion is always favoured over the plant manager due to satisfying the customer, it negatively affects the plant managers ability to control profit and efficiency in output costs.In gift 2, the military rank system focuses on the profits of Vershire which includes revenues and expenses. Since plant managers have no control over the revenue aspect of products, the information provided does not properly evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the plant. Factors such as variances in sales price, sales mix, and sales volume are solely handled by the sales department with no input from plant mangers, devising results unreliable and irrelevant.In Exhibit 3, the individual plant level reports give a more detailed insight of the variances shown in Exhibit 2. Once again, it does not provide an accurate representation of the plants performance as it includes variable s that are uncontrollable by the plant manager such as sales. Regarding divisional level reports, the relative profit performance analysis focuses on net sales while the comparative manufacturing efficiency analysis compares varying sized plants that produce different products together, making it another unreliable and inaccurate source of analysis.Some changes I would advocate for Vershire company are to redesign how bonuses are given to plant managers as the current measurement mechanisms do not accurately reflect performance, improve comparisons of manufacturing efficiency between different plants due to the varying size and product offering of each plant and improve communication across the tiers in order to minimize error corrections and time for budget reviews. possible solutions include organizing meetings to include all managers and corporate levels to discuss about the companys performance, bear on managers performance with cost reduction measures to determine bonuses, and develop a usual measurement unit to fairly compare plants together.ConclusionIn conclusion, Vershire Company should reconfigure its measurement mechanisms in order to truly analyze the performance levels of the company and begin treating its manufacturing plants as expense centres rather than profit centres. Therefore, Vershire can touch more accurate and reliable information to use for achieving objectives.

The Purchase Of Detergent Powder In Brazil Marketing Essay

The Purchase Of Detergent Powder In brazil Marketing EssayFollowing is the consumer behaviour with respect to the purchase of detersive pulverization in brazil explained through consumer decision making emergence. overlap Choice military rank of optionsInformation researchProblem RecognitionPost-purchase paygradeProblem RecognitionAccording to Solomon et al (2009) the problem recognition occurs when in that location is a gap between the desired country and actual state of a consumer. From the case inferred that,People in spousal relationship einsteiniumern portion of brazil-nut tree wash wearing appargonl to a greater extent frequently and they see cleanliness of clothes is fictional character of their culture. They entrust change their detersive powderise if they felt that their clothes atomic number 18 not clean enough.Most of the families own a rinse apparatus in southeastward character. People in this vicinity observe doing process as a duty and find way s to make subroutine easier. They will change their detersive powder if it is not to their expectations.Information SearchSolomon et al (2009) verbalise that once the problem is treasure consumer will do an internal and external check to find doable solutions that might resolve his problem.Women in the north east character wash their clothes in public laundry. This go aways them the option of taking advice from their peer group in choosing the detersive powder, or point of purchase advice from the store owners or from their past discover a section from information through advertisements.On the contrary, Southeast consumers wash their clothes alone at home since closely of them own a washing machine. Therefore, their information search is restricted to television advertisements and the advice from small store owners.Evaluation of optionsSolomon et al (2009) verbalize that once consumers identify the possible solutions they will label the alternatives development their respective convincing attri scarcelyes to find the best solution which stool solve their actual problem.The prominent attributes for majority of the Brazilian consumers atomic number 18 hurt, ability of the detergent, nock and their past experience.Product ChoiceAccording to Solomon et al (2009) season making the final choice on bar form for or using a reaping consumer is influenced by near factors. There are threesome principal(prenominal) categories which will influence the consumer decision,1. Internal influences2. Situational influences3. Social Influences1. Internal influences on consumer decisionFrom the case inferred that people in northeasterly part are highly sensitive to terms than to the fall guy itself. Whereas in southeasterly contribution people are more blot conscious and go by their top-of- mind awareness.2. Situational influences on consumer decisionThe Belk (1975) cited in Sydney et al (2000), has defined five situational variables which can in fluence the consumer purchase at a particular act and place. They are Antecedent states, task definition, tangible surroundings, temporal perspective and fond surroundings.While purchasing a detergent powder, people in atomic number 10 region are influenced by the antecedent states (Brand preference and price sensitivity) where as in south-east region people are influenced by physical and considerably-disposed surroundings the likes of display place of detergent powder in the store.3. Social influences on consumer decisionSolomon et al (2009) stated that consumer appraising(prenominal) criteria generally vary across social class beca economic consumption of their variations in education, attitudes, values, income and parley style.Most of the women in northeastern region are under comparable economy class and shell out a common washing answer of washing their clothes in public laundry. Therefore, their decision on purchasing detergent is directly influenced by these social groups.Post-purchase EvaluationSolomon et al (2009) stated that after purchasing the fruit consumer will evaluate how in force(p) a choice it was. The result of this evaluation is consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction on the product. Table1 shows the list of attributes used by Brazilian consumers to evaluate detergent powder.Table 1North-east RegionSouth-east region skill to clean and white clothes.Smell of a detergent powder.Ability to remove stains.Easy furtherance.Ability to clean and whiten clothes with less effort.Key industry players in Brazil detergent powder groceryUnilever at a contemplateUnilever has started its operations in 1929 and launched its most successful defacement OMO in 1957.Unilever is the attractor in detergent grocery store of Brazil with an 81% market dish out achieved with brands like OMO (Favourite brand of Brazil), Minerva (brand change as detergent and laundry soap) and Campeiro (cheapest brand of Unilever).Unilever wanted to plus sales b y adopting penetration strategy. For the same, they launched their favourite brand OMO with four extensions viz. OMO Multicao, OMO Progress, OMO Cores and OMO Maquina. Each brand had its unique characteristics to target the alter consumers.Procter and Gamble at a glanceProcter and Gamble started its operations in 1988 and acquired a Brazilian company Bombril in 1996 which has brands like Quanto, Odd Fases and Pop. With his terrible RD migrated Quanto towards Ace and Odd Fases towards Bold, Ace and Bold are PGs popular planetary brands.Procter and Gamble is in second place of Brazilian detergent market by holding 15% of market get by.Procter and Gamble strategy is to sneak in the market by acquiring the local theatres and their dispersal channels. This seemed a follow effective strategy than developing own dispersal channels.Local ManufacturersA local brand Invicto is holding a 5% of market dispense in Brazilian detergent market.Invicto is the cheapest brand in northeastwa rd region of Brazil.Invicto follows a concentrated merchandise strategy through mainly targeting the low-income consumers.Unilever grind away depth psychologyStrengths high school Brand Recognition Unilever brands are highly recognised in the north east part of the Brazil.Market Penetration High percentage of consumers in north east region of Brazil bought at least one unit of OMO or MINERVA which are the brands of unilever.Top of wit Awareness we have best results for the top-of mind awareness for unilever brands in north east part of Brazil.Unilever is a worldwide recognised company with a portfolio of 1600 brands which includes 45 key detergent brands.As of 1996 Unilever is a leader of the detergent market sector in Brazil by holding 81% market share.Pioneer of consumer goods industry in Brazil.WeaknessThe price of OMO is perceive as high than all the detergents procurable in north east part of Brazil.The cheaper brand of unilever Camperio is perceived as a low- prime(a) bra nd in the market.Except OMO, the other brands of unilever are perceived as low quality than the main competitor brands Bold Ace.Unilever is facing a big distribution problem in distributing his brands to the approximately 75,000 small outlets spread over north east region of Brazil, which are the key shopping areas for low-income consumers.OpportunitiesFederal and local governments providing tax incentives to companies investing in the north east region of Brazil.The detergent market in north east region of Brazil is maturation with an annual rate of 17%.Women in north east region wash clothes more frequently and they see cleanliness of clothes is part of their culture.Strong economic recovery in 1995-1996 leads to increase the purchasing author of low income consumers by 27%.ThreatsStandardization of strategies is not possible with the socio-culture varietys among the ii region of Brazil.Threat from local brands is higher which are cheaper than the Unilever brands.There is a h igh competition from porter gamble with good worldwide marketing expertise.Market SegmentationIn a study by cleft Dibb and Lyndon Simkin (1991) stated that distinct customers have different of necessity and desires. It is not possible to see all customers with a single product or service. Companies are shifting from mass marketing to target marketing strategy where the contract will be on a particular group of consumers. This process of dividing market into different groups is called market departmentation. The process of membering the market consists of three main elements.SegmentationTargetingPositioningSegmentationThe market can be segmented in many ways. Table 2 shows the different options for marketers to identify different segments in the market.Table 2DemographicsSocioeconomicsGeographyPhysiological and behavioural differences among consumerAge, Sex, family, race, religion.Income, occupation, education, social class.Country, region.Purchase behaviour, consumption beha viour, attitude to product, lifestyle and personalitySegmenting by SocioeconomicsIn northeastern United States region the per capita income was only near 2,250$. 40% of people in north-east region are illiterate. The lifestyle, culture and religion of people in this region were influenced by African culture.In south-east region the per capita income was around 6,600$ (more than double of north-east region). Only 15% of people in south-east region are illiterate. Most of the south-east part was influenced by European cultureSegmenting by Psychological and behavioural differences among consumer73% of women in north-east region think that bleach is essential to remove stains and use detergent powder primarily to make the clothes smell good. Where as in south-east region only 18% of women think bleach is essential to remove stains.Frequency of washing clothes is higher in north-east region than south-east region.North east region people of Brazil find cleanliness of clothes is part of their culture.In south-east region most women uses washing machine for cleaning clothes, for them cleanliness of clothes is less important for self-consciousness and social status.In a study by Sally Dibb and Lyndon Simkin (1991) stated that segmentation definitely will help to identify the different consumer segments but slapdash implementation will leads to failure. The segmentation process must carry through the following criteria. Segments must be identifiable, executable, stable, marketable and controllable.In this case Unilever should segment the Brazil detergent powder market in to north-east region and south-east region.TargetingOnce identified different market segments, managers has to make decisions virtually how many and which customer groups need to target. In a study by Sally Dibb and Lyndon Simkin (1991) stated that the decisions would be like,Concentrating on a single segment with one product/retail brand Offering one product/retail brand to a number of segmentsTar geting a different product/retail brand at each of a number of segmentsBecause of socio-cultural differences among the twain regions of Brazil the standardization or undifferentiated targeting strategy will not work. The tailor made and differentiated marketing strategy will give the best results.PositioningPositioning is not about doing something to the product it is what is created in the minds of the targeted consumers. In a study by Sally Dibb and Lyndon Simkin (1991) stated that the scrap here is to translate the needs and wants of the targeted consumers into a tangible mix of product, price, promotion, distribution and service levels with maximum appeal.North-East regionMost of the people in this region are illiterate and low income people.Most of the people in this region believe cleanliness of clothes is part of their culture.To pander the preceding(prenominal) needs of the consumers and to achieve higher market share in this region unilever focal point has to position their product as low price with high quality. southeasterly regionMost of the people in this region use washing machine to wash their clothes, cleanliness of clothes are less important for egotism and social status. People in this region are not price sensitive towards detergent powder as long as it has good quality.To satisfy the above needs of the consumers and to achieve higher market share in this region unilever management has to position their product with high quality.Portfolio AnalysisBCG (Boston Consulting Group) MatrixBCG matrix helps marketers to find the potential brands in the market.BCG matrix for Unilever detergent brands in north-east region of Brazil.Stars Question Marks ()OMO CampeiroCash overawe Minerva Dogs BrilhanteHighMarket Growth Rate subalternHigh LowRelative Market ShareDiagram Adopted from BCG Matrix (Solomon, ordinal edition)Stars OMO has a dominant market share in north-east region of Brazil. Because OMO has a potential growth, managers have to design strategies to increase market share in the competitive environment.Cash Cows Minerva which is the only brand to sold as detergent powder and laundry soap it has a bonny market share in north-east region.Question marks () Camperio has a low market share in north-east region. People perceive Camperio as a low-quality product. To increase the market share Unilever has to memory his Camperio brand in north-east region.Dogs Brilhante has a zero market share in north-east region. Its better for Unilever to stop the marketing of this brand in north-east region.BCG matrix shows us on which brand Unilever has to invest to increase its market share in north-east region. But how and what actually we have to do to increase the market share, marketing mix will help firm to accomplish its objectives by using product, price, promotion and place decisions.Marketing cockProductNorth-East regionCamperio is perceived as a low-quality detergent which is the cheapest brands of Unilever. Repositioning of Camperio with new packaging and with new advertising message like Improved Quality with low-price in this region will help to increase the marketing share of Unilever.Repositioning of existing brand would be comfortably recognised by the targeted consumers than launching the existing brand. Repositioning of existing brand would not lead to any incremental marketing costs.In this region most of the people using OMO and the results showing that consumers are well satisfy with the quality of the product. Even the low-income people like Maria would love to buy OMO, only because of their tight budget they are going for cheaper brands.Solution to the above problem is selling the detergent powder through small sachets. monetary value of the product can reduce due to the small quantity which will not cannibalise the existing product.All the low-income consumers will highly satisfy when they get their high quality product in low price. The thinker of selling the detergent powder in sma ll sachet will lastly help unilever to increase their market share.Packaging should be simple and distinctive and should be based on culture that is the colour selection and the graphics. atomic number 34 regionIn south-east region OMO and Minerva will go well as the people in this region are not price sensitive.PriceUse Pricing Strategy to defend its strong competitors and reposition Camperio brand with more attributes than that of competitor with less price to retain and gain the market share.PromotionThe advertising message should be different for north-east region and south-east region because there is a cultural difference and variation in literacy rate within the two regions.As Brazilians are more television watchers Unilever should go with 70% of media advertising with more stress on product price and accessibility in its different packaging sizes.In south-east region advertising message should concentrate more on product benefits.In north-east region they should go for drawn-out media advertising emphasizing more on product price and availability of packaging sizes to wipe out the negative perception among the consumers.In north-east region most of the people are illiterate they often depends on the advice of a retailer while purchasing a product. Marketers of unilever can use a push strategy in this case to promote their product, providing some incentives on number of sales to distributors and retailers.PlaceExtensive distribution is necessary in north-east region by making the product available in small stores.Unilever management should provide some employment to the women in north-east region as sales girls to sell their products which will ultimately help to increase the word of mouth among people and sustainability of marketing.In south-east region most of the people decision on detergent powder resembles as habitual decision making, in this region point-of-purchase (ex displaying of cigarettes near money counter) display will help to increa se the sales.

Contributions Of Lim Guan Eng In Penang

Contributions Of Lim Guan Eng In PenangAs a democracy coun analyse, there atomic number 18 many pols in Malaysia. sensuald on the Oxford English Dictionary, politico means that a person who is professionally involved in politics, especially as a holder of an elected office. Besides, due to the Macmillan Dictionary, it is defined that political leader is someone who has a job in politics and especially a member of parliament. early(a) than that, politician is a leader engaged in civil administration and al styles active in party politics.For those who ar interested to fix a politician or a policy- make leader, he or she is involved in influencing semi public policy and ratiocination making. This may be included people who hold decision making positions in government, and people who seek to those positions. However, politics is not limited to policy-making science through public office. Political offices may likewise be held in corporations, and former(a) entities tha t are governed by self-defined policy-making processes. This john be know as freedom fighters.In order to become a politician in Malaysia, the individuals moldiness be very active in political area. They are politically active especially in party politics. They must be a person who is holding or seeking political office whether elected or appointed, whether professionally or otherwise. Besides, the positions range is from topical anaesthetic offices to executive, legislative and judicial offices of accede and national governments. Some law enforcement officers, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as sheriffs are considered to be politicians also.thither are many maps that remove to be carried up as a politician. It is a common defect to assume that the politicians role is to bring on jobs, encourage economic natural process, enhance the welfare and good-being of his subjects, preserve the territorial lawfulness of his country, and fulfill a emcee of other functions.However, in truth, the politician has a superstar and exclusive role which is to mother re-elected. His primary responsibility is to his party and its members. His relationship is with his real constituency, the partys put and file. So, we can simplify that a politician is unspoilt like the headway operating officer ( boss Executive Officer) and he needs to answer to the corporations major shareholders.Lastly, a politician must manage to persuade people that boththing will just go on getting better. As a superior general rule, politicians cannot lie. They can just say the real thing to the society. All politicians know that they will neer get elected if they did not tell give away the truth and try to lie to the society. No opposition politician will make sozzled pronouncements pointing out structural difficulties or impending disaster because one day they hope to be in power and so they will do nothing that might frighten the electorate. So, a politician must be a very sincere pe rson and he or she must stand towards the umpire.BiographyOne of the respected and honorable politician in Malaysia is Lim Guan Eng. Lim Guan Eng is a Chinese man who was born on 8 celestial latitude 1960. The place of birth of Lim Guan Eng is in Johor Bahru. Lim Guan Eng is a Chinese name and Lim is the family name. The get of Lim Guan Eng is Lim kit Siang who was also involved in politic before this. Lim Kit Siang, father of Lim Guan Eng is a prominent leader of the Democratic make upion party. This is a democratic socialist opposition party in Malaysia. Lim Kit Siang had become the leader of the opposition party in the Dewan Rakyat from 1973 to 1999 and 2004 to 2008.Besides, Lim Guan Eng is married to Betty lecture Gek Cheng. Betty chatter Gek Cheng is one of the Malaysian Chinese politicians. She is coming from the Democratic causeion company which is also known as (DAP). In the socio-economic class of 2005, Betty Chew Gek Cheng became the chief of the DAP Malacca women s wing. Other than that, she is also represents the constituency of Kota Laksamana in the demesne conference of Malacca.1Lim Guan Eng and Betty Chew Gek Cheng ready a total of four children. They have three sons and a daughter still.In addition, Lim Guan Eng himself is a Member of Parliament for Bagan, State Assembly man for Air Puteh. He is the 4th master(prenominal) Minister of the State of Penang. He is also the Secretary-General of the Malaysian Democratic Action Party (DAP). DAP finished a clean sweep of all 19 Penang fasten on seating it contested in the 12th Malaysian General Election.Moreover, there is also the early education of Lim Guan Eng. First and foremost, Lim Guan Eng attended to the La Salle Primary English civilize which is primed(p) in Petaling Jaya. later on that, he also continue for his study at Montfort Primary English School which is situated at Batu Pahat. Next, as for his secondary education, he went to the risque School which is also situated in Batu Pahat. Later, he went to the Malacca High School to further his study.As for his universitys life, he was study at Monash University which is one of the famous universities in Australia. The argument that he was taking during that time was the Bachelor of Economics. Finally, Lim Guan Eng managed to graduate from Monash University, Australia. He was successfully became a qualified professional accountant in the socio-economic class of 1983. Other than that, he was also the president of (MUISS) which is known as Monash University external schoolchild Society.Political CareerFurthermore, there was also the early career of Lim Guan Eng. in the lead participating himself into the political area, Lim Guan Eng was a Bank Senior executive. He was bent-back elected as a Member of Parliament for Kota Melaka in the year of 1986 by defeating the former Malaysian football captain, Soh Chin Aun with a majority of 17,606 votes.In October of the year 1987, Lim Guan Eng was detained in Operation Lalang to a lower place the unkind Internal Security Act also known as ISA for most 18 months. He was released afterward 18 months on April 1989.After link in the Democratic Action Party, his political life becomes more active. As a produce to show that he began to active in the political area, he was appointed as the DAP societalist Youth Chairman in the year of 1989. Then, he was elected to that post in the year of 1992.Besides, he was then re-elected in the subsequent year of 1990 and 1995 for general elections as MP for Kota Melaka for the second and third bound, albeit with reduced majority votes. He thus became the startle person to be elected for three consecutive terms in Kota Melaka. Other than that, he was also the first Malacca High School alumnus to concur out this. In the year 1995 also, he was elected as the DAP Deputy Secretary-General. Unfortunately, Lim Guan Eng was charged beneath the Sedition Act during this year also.After 12 months, Lim Gu an Eng was released which is on 25 heroic 1999 due to his good behavior. collectible to his incarceration, he was barred from standing for election for a period of tailfin years. Therefore, he was ineligible to contest in the 2004 General Election. So in the year of 2004, he became the Secretary-General of the party in May.In 8 process 2008, Lim Guan Eng again contested in the Bagan parliamentary seat and Air Putih assert seat in the General Election. Finally, he won the Bagan seat, defeated form Choy Leng (BN) with a majority of 22,070 votes, and the Air Putih seat beating tangent tie Cheng (BN) with a 4,061 vote margin. Besides, during 11 treat 2008, he also verbalize in as the antique Minister of Penang and initiated a governance of presidential term which is based on the principles of Competency, Accountability and transparentness and with a soul as one that adopts an ethical and moral leadership that professes and gives faith, hope and love.Problems and obstacles go virtually by Lim Guan EngBased on the whole political career verbalize above, Lim Guan Eng had faced some problems and obstructs in the year of 1994. He was arrested by the Malaysian natural law in 1994. This is because of his criticism on the governments handling of allegations of statutory rape in one of his constituents by former Chief Minister of the secern of Melaka, Tan Sri Abdul Rahim Thamby Chik. Consequently, while the attorney General decided not to press charges on Rahim Thamby Chik, Lim Guan Eng was charged under Section 4(1) (b) of the Sedition Act 1948 and also under Section 8A (1). The victim who was actually a Malay girl was initially detained by Malaysian natural law without parental consent for 10 days.With the verdict on the trial of Malaysian parliamentarian Lim Guan Eng due to be delivered shortly, Amnesty International reiterates its concern that Lim Guan Eng could face up to six years in jailhouse and be disqualified from Parliament. Amnesty Intern ational considers that the charges against Lim Guan Eng were politically motivated, designed to constrain dissenting voices and to limit debate on an distinguish of genuine public concern. Amnesty International believes that if convicted, he would be a prisoner of moral sense imprisoned solely for the peaceful expression of his political views.Lim Guan Eng was charged in 1995 under the Sedition Act and the Printing Presses and Publications Act. His trial plain-spokened in January 1996 and concluded on 28 February 1997 at the Malacca High Court. The infer who was Datuk Mohd Noor Abdullah was expected to deliver his judgment on 28 April 1997.Due to the occurrence of this incident, Lim Guan Eng was barred from standing for election for a period of five years. Base on the rule, members of parliament who are jailed for a year, or who are fined more than RM2000 (approximately US$780), will automatically forfeit their parliamentary seats. In addition, Amnesty International concern that Lim Guan Eng could be imprisoned. Besides, the organization is also implicated that if he is convicted, his constituents will be denied their elected representative simply because he spoke out on their behalf.Malaysian police arrested and charged Lim Guan Eng after he had publicly criticized the governments handling of allegations of statutory rape against the former Chief Minister of Malacca, Tan Sri Abdul Rahim Tamby Chik in the year 1994. In January 1995, Lim Guan Eng also narrated that double standards were being applied in the statutory rape case. Attorney General Mohtar Abdullah had decided not to prosecute Rahim Tamby Chik, while the underaged alleged victim, a fifteen-year old Muslim school girl was placed under safety-related custody.On 28 February 1995, Lim Guan Eng was accused under Section 4(1) (b) of the Sedition Act of prompting disaffection with the administration of justice in Malaysia. If he put together guilty, he need to face up to three years in jail and a R M5000 (approximately US$1,960) fine or both. In addition, on 17 March 1995, Lim Guan Eng was charged under Section 8A (1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act for maliciously printing a pamphlet containing allegedly false schooling specifically because he had used the term imprisoned victim in reference to the alleged rape victim. This charge carries a jail term of three years, a fine not exceeding RM20000 (approximately US$7,894) or both.Following the Federal Courts belief, Judge Datuk Mohd Noor Abdullah ruled that the prosecution had in fact proved both charges against Lim Guan Eng beyond reasonable doubt and that the defense had a case to answer. Regarding Lim Guan Engs allegedly seditious verbal statements, the test ruled that the key of a single junior police officer which was unsupported by an audio recording, constituted sufficient induction to proceed.Besides, regarding the charges of printing false information, the judge ruled that the prosecution had proved b eyond reasonable doubt evidence and suggesting that the phrase imprisoned victim was false. This was apparently ignoring assertions that the statutory rape victim had been detained by police for ten days without parental consent.Finally, after a series of appeals, Lim Guan Eng was sentenced to 18 months of imprisonment. However, he was released after 12 months on August 25 in the year of 1999. During the judicial procedure, Lim Guan Eng said that If I let out and have to go to jail, I have no regrets. I have no regrets of going down fighting for the principles of truth and justice and pursuit of human rights, especially womens rights. There can be no womens rights if women rape victims are considered equally responsible, and even detained, whilst the accused remain free.2Lim Guan Eng is such a good politician that stands on behalf of justice.Contributions of Lim Guan Eng in PenangAs a politician, Lim Guan Eng does play his roles and manage to carry on all his responsibility towards the society. He had contributed so many things that are benefit to our society. In Malaysian general election at the year of 2008, the coalition of DAP-PKR-PAS later known as the Pakatan Rakyat had won 29 out of 40 state seats contested, in which DAP is the largest winning party with 19 seats, PKR 9 seats, and PAS 1. Thus, it defeated the former ruling coalition of Barisan Nasional for the authority to rule Penang for the adjoining five years. However, Lim Guan Eng is not a resident in Penang. So, as the Secretary-General of DAP, he was nominated to be the next Chief Minister (CM) of Penang and replacing the long serving former Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon. Senior DAP leaders of Penang such as Lim plume Seng, Phee Boon Poh, and Chow Kon Yeow were bypassed and were instead appointed as excos.As the refreshful Penang Chief Minister, Lim Guan Eng announced an amnesty on all summonses issued by the Penang municipal Council and Seberang Perai Municipal Council which involv ing vendors licenses and parking offences issued before March 2008. On March 14, a rowdy group comprising largely Umno members and supporters took to the streets il judicially after Friday prayers to protest his statements on the NEP. No arrests were make but two men were divvy upn in for questioning. Various BN-backed groups and NGOs continued to make different sorts of protest and lodge police reports as a form of continued harassment.3Besides, in year 2008 on March 19, Lim Guan Eng announced that the state exco had approved an go around tender system for projects exceeding RM50,000. For projects between RM20,000 and RM50,000, a balloting system will be introduced. Furthermore, a two-week objection period would be disposed(p) for both the open tender and balloting systems. This is a stark contrast to BN governments usual way of directly awarding lucrative contracts to companies without any form of open tendering, mostly to shell companies created by connected personnel or BN p oliticians. For example, there is a major project which is the Penang International Convention nerve (PICC) was nearly launched without open tender. As of 2010, Penang remains the only state in Malaysia that practices a cover song open tendering system.4During his tenure as Chief Minister in Penang, it has class-conscious top among the list of investments in Malaysia which attracting RM12.2 one thousand thousand worth of total capital letter investments in 2010. This is also a 465% increase compared to the total investment of RM2.17 trillion as of 2009. Consequently in 2011, Penang became top in manufacturing investment in Malaysia for the second consecutive year, with RM9.1 billion in total. In a saucily measurement indicator of total investment however, which comprises manufacturing, services and private sectors, Penang ranked second in Malaysia after Sarawak in total investments, with the total measurement of RM14.038 billion, this was due to not having much primary sector investments.5Consequently, the public debt in Penang has decreased by 95% from RM630 million in 2008 to RM30 million at the end of 2011.6On April 28, 2011, Lim signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with China. This is witnessed by Chinese premier, Wen Jiabao and Malaysian Prime Minister, Najib Tun Razak on the proposal of the reflexion of three road and tunnel projects in Penang is undercoat. This had including a 6.5 km undersea tunnel, a third link between the island and Butterworth on the mainland. The purpose for Lim Guan Eng to do so is because this will manage to ease the craft congestion in the area and to improve the links between the island and the mainland.7Moreover, Lim Guan Eng has launched the concept of Competency, Accountability and Transparency (CAT) in his governance. This slogan is to make sure that the state government can achieve an efficient, responsible and clean government. Other than that, the emphasis of the slogan aims to render people in Penang in order to share the state governments successfulness when the slogan is achieved. Besides, CAT also comprises positive work ethics and inculcates a team spirit based on performance. This slogan is eventually achieved when the state government enjoys record budget surpluses in successfully attracting up to RM 12.2 billion of total capital investments and practicing an open tender system.8The reform of the government with its sensitive policies has ended the cronyism and corruption that led to major deficits under the previous politics according to the report in international weekly newsmagazine-The Economist.9As a result, the Auditor-General p scold the Penang state government as the best fiscally managed state in Malaysia each year from 2008 until 2010. According to the AG report, the consolidated gillyflower has increased by 2.7%, from RM1101.89mil in 2009 to RM1,131.17mil in 2010. Likewise, the consolidated revenue memory board has surged by 6.2% from RM538.95mil in 2009 to RM 572.49mil in 2010.10Other than that, there is one platformme in the Penang state government which is named by Cleaner, Greener Penang. This program is launched by Lim Guan Eng in the year of 2010. The purpose of this program is to transform Penang into the surroundally friendliest and most habitable city in Malaysia through education, enforcement and appreciation. This is to restore the current living environment into a cleaner and more sustainable city, which in turn alter the quality of life.11There are basically four headings of Cleaner, Greener Penang. The first objective is to improve the quality of life and create a greener public realm. This is to create a sustainable and inclusive community in order to achieve a better living environment. The second objective is to raise cognizance and education. This is to encourage the spirit of volunteerism and to forge a committed leadership, strong compact active community involvement, desire for quality and innovation. The thi rd objective is to carry out policy mapping and institutional Improvements. Lastly, the last objective is to to get the basics right. This is to have effective policies and department process maps to tackle the cleanliness issues and to raise awareness to provide a better living environment for the communities.There are also many reasons for the program of Cleaner, Greener Penang. The first reason is to determine a better living environment. Next, this program is to reposition Penang as a sustainable city. The other reason is to revitalize the urban space and streetscape. Finally, it is an scuttle that brings change to the way of Penang residents lifestyle and to be the Habitat of Choice, My Penang My P wind up.Due to the program of Cleaner, Greener Penang, Lim Guan Eng enforced the ban on free plastic bags throughout the state on January 1 in the year of 2010. In order to reckon of the renewal of potiness licenses, retail stores, food outlets and hawker stalls state-wide are re quired to adhere to the rulings which is the ban of free plastic bags. The proceedings from the trade of plastic bags went to the Partners against Poverty Special Fund to assist the states hardcore poor. This enterprisingness was the first of its kind in Malaysia.12In the other hand, on declination 11 of the year 2011, Lim Guan Eng initiated the Car Free Day which would be held every Sunday at particular stretches of roads in the interior city of George Town, Penang. All motorized vehicles are prohibited from entering these areas on that day, which are part of his efforts transform Penang into a sustainable city and fight mode change.13In addition, the state government is also considering a proposal to set up bicycle lanes around Penang Island, which is mainly along coastal areas and Seberang Perai, which is schedule to complete by 2020. Lim Guan Eng wanted to promote Penang as the first state that practice cycling as a healthy form of activity and reduce dependency on motorized vehicles.14Another contribution that had been make by Lim Guan Eng to the Penang residents is the welfare aids and program. These record budget surpluses are say towards social benefits such as financial aid to the hardcore poor, gold handouts to the elderly as anti-corruption dividend, upgrading of public housing, free Wi-Fi internet services at selected hot spots and free bus services within the city and between Penang island and Seberang Perai for workers.15Social welfare aid of RM100 is awarded annually to senior citizens, single mothers, disabled individuals, new-born babies and school-going pupils in Primary 1 to 4 as well as Form 1 to 4.16Besides, Lim Guan Eng had launched a program due to the bus service in Penang on March 1 in the year of 2011. The main purpose of this bus service is to increase the usage of public transport. In the other hand, this bus service can reduce traffic congestion during peak hours on the Penang Bridge and therefore ease the financial burden o f the factory workers. One of the example is the Bridge Express boo Transit which is also known as (BEST) is a free-of-charge park and ride shuttle bus services which ferries commuters across the Penang Bridge from Seberang Jaya to Bayan Lepas Free industrial Zone.Other than that, there is also a SMART Centre in Penang which is an initiative set up by the Penang state government. In June 2009, during the Penang candidate Forum, Lim Guan Eng also launched a think tank invest in Penang. The pattern of this SMART Centre is to provide market intelligence, business advisory, information and resources and fostering services to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Penang. In assisting these SMEs, it focuses on forwarding of local sourcing, investments and networking by providing various programs such as business matching, seminars and talks.17 on a lower floor Pakatan Rakyats Agenda Economic Social (AES) or also called as Social Economic Agenda, The Penang state government is aiming to be the first state in Malaysia to eradicate poverty by ensuring every household in Penang has an income of at least RM770 per month. In Peninsular Malaysia, the poverty line is RM763 per month for every family. However, those families with less than RM770 monthly income will have the difference topped up by the state government every month. In other words, a family with RM600 monthly income will receive RM170 monthly under this program.18Controversy in His Political LifeOn September 20, 2011, Australia Broadcasting Corporation had conducted an wonder with Lim Guan Eng. However, the Malaysian news agency, Bernama reported that he had criticized over disparaging remarks approximately security of the state of Johor.19During his linguistic communication, he said that You dont have to worry astir(predicate) your safety when you come to Penang. In Johor, if you are a Singaporean, you are possible to get kidnapped. Lim Guan Eng insisted he never mentioned Johor during his intervie w. Wong Kim Fei, who is a press secretary of Lim Guan Eng had wrote a letter to Bernama editor-in-chief Datuk Yoo Soo Heong, saying that the hold that had published was false, untrue and a large number of lies. Instead, he said Lim Guan Eng had merely discussed the Malaysia Solution deal with Australia, the governments pledge to end the Internal Security Act (ISA) and Penang issues. Besides, he demanded that Bernama retract their story and issue a formal apology or face a lawsuit.20He also hopes that they will continue to uphold professional journalistic standards of integrity and truthfulness by doing so again. Opinion is free but facts are sacred. After that, Lim Guan Eng has apologized to the Sultan of Johor and his subjects over the alleged disparaging remarks he make about Johor in Singapore. It is because the recording of his remark was revealed by the government controlled telecasting channel, TV3, showing clear evidence of his proclaiming that Singaporeans who are in Jo hor are seeming to be kidnapped.On December 14, 2011, Lim Guan Eng has won the defamation suit against Malay daily Utusan Malaysia, which has been ordered by a High Court to comport RM200,000 in damages for publishing a defamatory article about Lim Guan Eng and a cost of RM25,000 to him. Justice Varghese George Varughese, in allowing the defamation suit by Lim Guan Eng against the Malay daily, said he had examined the seven paragraphs containing the defamatory words and anchor that they were malicious, had intention to mislead readers and was written in bad faith. The article is empower Kebiadapan Guan Eng (Guan Engs Arrogance) which had defamed his political career and subsequently picturing him and Democratic Action Party (DAP) as anti-Malay and anti-Muslim. The papers publication company, Utusan Melayu (M) Bhd, in its statement of defence, stated that the article was published in response to Lim Guan Engs verbal attack against the paper during his speech at the Pakatan Rakyat convention in Kepala Batas on 19 December 2010.21On June 22, 2011, Lim Guan Eng has won the second defamation suit against Utusan Malaysia, which was ordered by the Penang High Court to pay Lim Guan Eng RM200,000 in damages and RM20,000 in costs. Lim Guan Eng had claimed a March 12, 2008 article headlined Tiada Lagi DEB (No More NEP) in the Malay-language newspaper which said he would abolish the New Economic Policy was inaccurate.22Earlier in 2012, Penang state UMNO claimed that the developer of Penang World City in Bayan Mutiara made no provision for mosques, pointing out that the plot has in time to be subdivided. According to Chief Shaik Hussein Mydin, under the Town and Country Planning Act (TCPA) 1976, all land must be sub-divided according to an approved project plan before land title can be transferred to the developer. However, he said that the Penang government had failed to line up the rule in the Bayan Mutiara land deal. Lim Guan Eng responded that the developer Ivory Properties Group Bhd (IPGB) will only do the subdivision when it submits development plans for the 41.5-ha real estate to Penang Municipal Council (MPPP).In his statement, he said that the new plans and subdivision of title has not yet even been submitted, how can Umno claim that the mosque or school land has been change or disappeared. Umno must remember that there are standard requirements for schools and places of idolisation including surau or mosque that are compulsory by local government or must be included in any development project. He also stressed that the people-centric state government would hold on to its extreme principles and not let land marked for schools and places of worship to disappear. The DAP secretary-general will take legal action against Umno and Utusan Malaysia for claiming that he had sold off the mosque land, and warned Barisan Nasional (BN) from further stoking apparitional tension. Lim Guan Eng was willing to retire from politics if critics of the deal could prove that the land cut-rate sale was not done through an open and competitive tender.23On 6 December, 2012, Lim Guan Eng wants to prove in court that he is not corrupt and doesnt take RM 40 million donations. Penang UMNO Youth Chief Shaik Hussein Mydin and Gerakan have claimed that the Chief Minister has personally standard money from Kuala Lumpur International Dental Centre (KLIDC) in respect of its proposed private hospital in Penang. His special legal officer Andrew Yong said in a statement that they have made a baseless claim against the Chief Minister. Alternatively, they should prove their case in court when Lim Guan Eng sues them for their defamatory statements, which are intended to damage his public run across and political career.Shaik, UMNO Youth nor Gerakan have so far shown any proof to back their baseless allegations that KLIDC offered money to the Chief Minister to help posit the tender award for the 1.1 acre piece of land in Taman Manggis to build a pr ivate hospital. In fact, it was Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai himself who announced that KLIDC has finally obtained a license to operate the private hospital in Penang. In other words, are UMNO Youth and Gerakan also implying that Liow Tiong Lai must also have received money from KLIDC? So, there is a conflict occur on their statement. Nevertheless, KLIDC was condition no advantage or favors when it won the bid for the Taman Manggis land, which was offered to the public by open competitive tender. KLIDC made the highest bid of RM 232 per square foot, and the highest bid was chosen.24ever-changing Penang in a Changing World Transforming PenangPenang Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng was given a speech on foreign news agencies Club in Singapore on August 12, 2011. The first main point about todays changing wo

Emirates Airlines And Fly Dubai Management Essay

Emirates air lanes And gasify Dubai Management EssayThe downstairs communicate is base on two air ducts in the United Arab Emirates and they atomic number 18 Emirates Airlines which was established in the year 1985 and up to presently is iodin of the shell airways worldwide flying to over 124 destinations by operating the latest airbuses alike providing and offering the exceed dos to its customers and tent flap Dubai an upcoming low-cost air lane established in 2008 operating about 51 destinations with a flutter size of 23 by giving the kick the bucket antecedent to the customers who need to travel abroad for cheap f argon with no additional services.The report shows an analysis of the two organisational twists on how emirates has a T entirely, hierarchical ecesisal construction in comparison to that take flight Dubai has a flat social system with precise a few(prenominal) reveal slew and opposites in same par. It go on extends to the visualizeing o f the relationship of the formation twist and its socialization, the several(predicate) commencees of steering and leading styles on how Tim Clark CEO of Emirates and Ghaith Al Ghaith CEO of Fly Dubai lead their presidential term and the effectiveness of the style they win.The two companies exercise of the virtuous approach to precaution is besides analysed and an evaluation on the varied approaches to direction.The task two which is the origination is based on the understanding of ways of using wantal theories inwardly the two organizations and the mechanisms for developing effective police squadwork.IntroductionThe on a lower floor report is an analysis of the two air hose businesss, that is Emirates Airlines and Fly Dubai. It focuses on the organizational complex body part and the behavior of individuals and pigeonholings at heart two organizations. As a trainee spellagement consultant of emirates airlines I contract managed to get information regardin g the construction of the organization, the heathenish behaviour of the employees of the organization and also the behavioural problems and how they be solved. in the report we identify two heavy characters in the two Airlines and analyse how the different styles of leading afford helped to ingest the subordinates and to help the growth of the organization The assignment covers a presentation which depart be presented to the assessor on the due date.Task iodin1.1 anatomical twist and kitchen-gardening analysisAn organization is a complex body part through which individuals and groups assist systematic entirelyy to conduct backup. With the comparison and contrasting of the two companies which is Emirates Airlines and Fly Dubai we chamberpot analyse the structure and culture of the two organizations to get a meliorate understanding on the relationship between the organizational structure and culture.Emirates is Airline that was established in October 1985, since the beginning up until right off there argon very distinctive growths that beget taken place and as of now Emirates is an award winning airline flying to over 124 destinations across the 6 continents by operating over 177 aircrafts and employing over 55000 employees that speak different languages. Emirates bear diversified into related industries and sectors, including airport services, engineering, hospitality services, catering, and tour operator trading operations.Fly Dubai was established in July 2008 by the Government of Dubai and was supported by Emirates at the beginning stage Fly Dubai commenced operations on the 1 June 2009 and up to now they atomic number 18 flying to around 51 destinations with a pass along size of 23 aircrafts. Fly Dubai is an airline mainly based on sack sales I.e. It is mainly a web based airline where not much of interaction happens between the airline personals and the customers. Even though it is a compute airline it has a very high since 200 9 to now they deem a signifi derrieret growth within the industry.Organizational grammatical construction of Emirates Airlines.The organizational structure of emirates is a very large, rather hierarchical structure indeed the structure starts with Chairman, Vice presidents, Executive secretaries, Divisional VP , Senior VP, regional managers, Area managers, Department heads and Supervisors below that the staff reporting upwards. The structure presented below contains the main people as well as the structure of the organization much in to the passenger sales executive management until the usable train managersOrganizational Structure of Fly DubaiThe Chairman of Fly Dubai and emirates Airlines ar the same provided it is two different organizations managed by a completely different management with few heads and the rest of them in the same par.In analysing the two structures it is egest that Emirates Airlines has a long-stalked organizational structure as the organization i s a large global organization hence the much the c some(prenominal)er-out grows the levels of management lead rise which depart submit the structure of the organization pompous (hierarchical). When a company has a Tall organizational structure there atomic number 18 various advantages. In a tall structure we hatful observe a very close executive programy control because of the hierarchical structure involved and also it is a more authoritative structure as the consequences, the roles and responsibilities ar cl ahead of time defined. The other tidy thing about this structure is that the responsible person is accountable to high authorities therefor mistakes atomic number 18 less as well as considered conclusions impart be made at all cartridge holders. til now some times it whitethorn be disadvantageous towards the side of the employees as the level of motivation may stand somewhat lower which will in succumb affect the company also another major disadvantage is th at the tall structure creates a huge communication barrier with the top management, halfway level managers as well as the lower level manager.Emirates group is a large group with many managerial levels. on that window pane argon many subdivisions involved various tasks, from the departments serving the customers unavoidably to the engineering department as well as the catering departments and also many more. However apiece of them are managed by a department head and describe upwards to the middle level and so on to the top management . Emirates airlines is not fully based online like Fly Dubai, there is a major role contend by the staff in different stations hence regional managers, area managers, department managers and supervisors are appointed. In the case of Fly Dubai the management is limited and also it is still a new airline that was established about 3 years ago.In analysing Fly Dubai it is clear that the airline has a flat organizational structure as there are only few key people to manage as mentioned in a higher place. However there are few directors as well as airport officers appointed to make trusted the operations run smoothly. In flat structure redeem only few management levels where each level controls and managers a large area. The advantage of this structure is that there is a greater communication with the employee and employer and also easy close devising as less people to discuss with just now sometimes it may be based on a one persons ideas which can be disadvantageous. It becomes unfavourable in as the key people have to solve all problems of employees and in the organization and also the Lack of layers may reduce opportunities for high level strategic management.1.2 valuation of how the structure of each company supports its culture and how this relationship affects the product line.The culture is based on how the backing is through. Mainly the belief, norms, customs, values and ideas of the employees within the org anization is what it is built upon. A cultural environment should always motivate the employees of the organization to knuckle under out their best towards the enhancement of the business performance. The culture of Emirates Airlines is a more quality and service oriented and also has a very forward -looking culture that takes into friendship the customers requirements and makes positive(predicate) the customer is apt(p) out the best at all times whereas in Fly Dubai it is more of power culture, which is all decisions are centralized around one key individual, there isnt much of an interaction with the customer and the airline employees. Emirates has a more role oriented culture where the entire organizational structure has a role to play in purchase send to make sure each of the flights departs on time with all booked customers with to all required facilities. All employees as well as the top management are responsible for every action taken.The Tall structure of emirates wo rks in a favourable manner in the influence of decision making as many different ideas can be obtained by the multicultural set of managers as well as the employees. When working according to a vision, having different ideas, having different values will lead to the conducting of business in an ethical way and in come down it will enhance the performance of the employees and motivate them to perform well to give out the best.In the case of Fly Dubai, the airline has a more task oriented culture as the main is to make sure the maximum amount of customers are on the flight and also they have only limited intervention with customers hence the customers welfare is not very considered. However each companys culture differs depending on the top management and the employees behaviour patterns. Fly Dubai has few key people and out of which the Owner of the airline is the same as emirates but the cultures of both organizations are completely different. One which is Emirates Airlines, a cu stomer service oriented airline that servers customers to the best by offering various different comforts and additional benefits in order to and make the customer feel good, to satisfy the customer for the price remunerative and also to retain customers for the long run. The other is Fly Dubai which is a budget airline in Dubai for customers seeking a travel solution for the cheaper fares, in this airline the customers are not given additional benefits the culture they compel is that anything is money even so the food on board should be bought even the basic baggage allowance is also charged for separately but they give out good deals for customers with less budget. However there are some similarities in the cultural aspects of both airlines, that is both airlines are innovative, they are full of people with new ideas and experiences both airlines have a very friendly background. They also have created a gainsay culture.Emirates manly have three main intentions of how to behave in the organization in order to achieve the ultimate goals and objectives of the company.Challenge Conviction Here the employees and managers are influenced by the culture of the organization which all employees should adapt to and that is to accept any challenging speckle that come your way. For that the employees should beCurious, Brave, ImaginativePioneering, Innovative, AmbitiousIf the organizational structure supports the company culture there will be good proceeds in the business performance and also it will motivate the employees in many ways as then they have a clear idea on what is expected and how the organization works.Anticipate and Exceed client Expectations This is another way that the customer oriented and service oriented culture can be brought out. For this the staff has to act then with the help of the management.Cosmopolitan, Visionary, sympatheticHuman, Intelligent, Hi-techHave a Can-Do Attitude the attitude has been created among the employees that anyth ing is possible. The organization has a very positive culture hence all employees are prompt by it to work to the best of the ability.1.3 What each company does in order to identify and solve employee behavioural problemsIn each company there are problems that are unique to the employees telephone circuit role accordingly these problems must be identified by the supervisor and should be communicated to the management and make sure decisions have been made to make these problems minimal.In Emirates airlines the main control point is Dubai however each station in different countries has their own problems, sometimes it may be common problems. Taking into precondition Emirates Colombo station, they identify problems by having meetings weekly to discuss issues that have arisen during the week, and solutions are given for these problems by discussing with the relevant management. The employees attitude towards work is also important. both(prenominal) employees have issues in performa nce on time for his problem deadlines should be given in order to make sure the job is done on time. Another problem is that if there is a job that require to be completed the staff will wait till the supervisor instructs them to do so where as they should be advised to make sure no work is in pending status.Some of the key problems that talent be common in an organizationUnethical behaviour- this can be described in many different actions of employeesTheft to disclosure of cloak-and-dagger information to the misrepresentation of products and services,These types of issues are serious as information is conveyed falsely and also there may be financial losses for the company. There are agreements that have been signed in order to make sure of the honesty of the employees continues in the future..Time Management the other problem is on timely performance. When a reservation is made and it is not issued on time the customer will be lost. Employees and time spent for personal matters should be clearly communicated so that employees know whether or not they can retort text messages and personal emails during work time. Employees also need to manage their time overboldly when it comes to rest and lunch breaks as well as acquire to work on time. If an employee is not managing that time wisely, the company ultimately loses.Fly Dubai is an Airline that directly deals with the customers online through a website. The customers do not have contact with the employees or management but there are a set of employees and managers who work behind the scene. In this case also the above discussed problems will arise hence the with good communication, supervisory and also identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the employees it will help the management to solve the employee behavioural problems amicably.2.1 Effectiveness of the leadership stylesleaders is the glue that holds all elements in a team together. Good leadership has the ability to transform and inspire both in dividuals and groups. Emirates airline being one of the leading airlines in the world has many people behind its succeeder and out them Tim Clark as the CEO has a prominent role played in order to manage the organization with the guidance of the chairman His highness Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum. In analysing Tim Clarks leadership patterns we can identify that he has the qualities of an Autocratic, where he has to command to the management below in a situation where an instant decision has to be taken and Democratic when in a situation that he has to communicate with the rest of the structure to make important decisions. He also has qualities of a dynamic leader, a person who looks as each situation in a different way and adapts to the chargers. As a leader he is quick thinker and a wise decision maker.Tim Clark is a leader who is full of innovative ideas, integrity, dedication, openness and magnanimity. some(prenominal) he does is done with great passion and love for the co mpany and the employees. He is a CEO who makes sure that all employees are treated well. galore(postnominal) new ideas and innovations have been initiated from him eg the idea of re-launching the brand to hello tomorrow and making it a lifestyle brand, solving some issues related to the A380 aircraft order. He is a person who is not hesitant when it comes to taking risk. He does not notice any traditional ways of doing business but a man with a business mind, who will lead the employees to be easily motivated by the changing world, innovation and upcoming business opportunities that will enhance the business growth and bring success to organization as a whole.(article Group world )In analysing the leadership styles of Ghaith Al Ghaith the CEO of Fly Dubai, it is clear that he is a very democratic leader decisions are made by taking ideas from other managers. Within a in brief time period fly Dubai has succeeded in capturing the market looking for travel solutions. Ghaith Al Ghait h is a very innovative thinker, a leader impelled by the vision to be a low-cost and reliable conjoin to key destinations around the globe. Over all a very understanding, brave, altercate accepting and a leader who is believes that nothing is impossibleOver the material body of my career I have realized the secret to success is team work, attention to detail, dedication and tenacity to go the extra mile. Learning this from the early stages of my career has stood me in good stead for where I am instantly(article onlineHYPERLINK ../../../../../Pending/Other/article online http//www.ttgmena.com/Interview-with-Ghaith-Al-Ghaith/ http//www.ttgmena.com/Interview-with-Ghaith-Al-Ghaith/23/0812 )2.2 How do the two companies practice the classical approach to management?Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. There are different approache s to management, neoclassic approach to management is mainly concerned with increasing the efficiency of workers organizations based on management practice which were and outcome of careful observation. In Emirates the y focus on a worldwide amount that is if any customer calls any contact centre in the world they will be handled in the exact same way as all other station mainly some of the things are done in the idea of one best way to do the job but when situations are unique then the approach differs.In emirates they identify the employees capability of doing each job that is been assigned to them and on that they develop a standard rule of performance for each job, the employees are given standard educational training in Dubai on the system and the how to handle the customers as well as the introduction and background of emirates as a group. They also evaluate on how the employees perform their job and if there is an improvement and an enhancement in business practice. In re turn for good performance and motivational purposes the employees are appreciated and rewarded.Fly Dubai uses the classical management approach only in the decision making process where they emphasise on the purpose of providing the travel solution .Since Fly Dubai is based on web sales the management uses classical approach in a very minimal way however the idea they impose is that the best way of doing business is through the web since they are a new airline and young to the industry they are trying their best to grow as much as they could.2.3 Evaluation of different approaches to management used by the two organizationsBoth organizations follow two or more management approaches as some of them reposition depending on the situation, when we say Classical approach is emphasises on the organizations formal structure, proficient requirements and set of principles and in both companies we can see the formal structure and also the principles on how everything is done. There is a rule for everything and a standard way that things are done.Eg-forecasting and planning looking into the future and conscription up action plansorganizing building up the material and human structure of the undertakingcommanding maintaining activity amount personnelcoordinating unifying and harmonizing activity and effortcontrolling ensuring that things conform to rules and instructionsThe Human imagery perspective to management suggested that jobs should be designed to meet higher levels needs by allowing workers to use their full potential.In the Human relation point Emirates uses tack tics like Better treatment, need for recognition, better salaries and bonuses, promotions and recognition to the employees to the level that it is needed so that they are easily motivated to do the job in a more positive sense. The employees social welfare is looked in to at all times, there is high job security as well as medical benefits.In Fly Dubai they treat all employees equally and opport unities are given to everyone, the employees ideas and new innovations are taken in to consideration. The people working under fly Dubai is motivated by the define working environment, profit share salary and other benefits. They also make sure that the employees are problem free from any aspect at all times as if any personal problem it will affect the performance of the employee.The contingency approach to management is an extension of the humanistic perspective which is based on the idea that in an organization there is no one best way in the management process (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) to successfully resolve any tailored circumstances because organizations, people and situations digress and change over time. Thus, the right thing to do depends on a complex variety of critical environmental and internal contingencies. In the airline industry many things depend on the customer needs and wants hence many situations differ from one customer to another so d epending on the kind of issue the solution will be based and this approach is common in both airlines.ConclusionWe can conclude apothegm that Emirates airlines and Fly Dubai two distinctive airlines as Emirates is a conventional airline and the other is a low- cost carrier. However in the analysis on the organizational structures we identified that Emirates has a Tall structure where there is a large number of employees in the managerial level appointed and given the responsibilities of certain areas and Fly Dubai has a flat structure with few key people. The report consists of behavioural problems within the organization and the solutions and also the leadership styles of the CEOs of both organizations. Based on the last few analyses we are able to understand the different approaches to management.

Humans Activity And Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Humans Activity And humor Change Environmental Sciences Essay mood mixture has been occurring on the planet for billions of years since its inception. At different quantify it has been caused by a catastrophic global event or by the propelling inner workings of the earth. These humor qualifys have been proven by skill over long periods of time. The big question these days is whether tender-hearted operation such as the vehement of fossil fuels is a study subscriber to the mode change of the planetIn 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, stated that tender-hearted beings activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earths atm in the amounts of greenhouse squanderes, aerosols (small particles), and cloudiness. The largest known change human activity comes from the burning fossil fuels that release light speed dioxide throttle to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases and aerosols bear upon climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infr ared radiation (thermal) radiation that are part of Earths zilch balance. Along with the change in temperatures come heat waves, new pry patterns, worsening drought in some regions, heavier precipitation in others, break up glaciers and Arctic ice and move global average sea levels.A collaborated effort by hundreds of climate experts and government representatives from 113 countries, gestate that climate change is caused by human activities. just about of the observed increase in globally averaged temperature since the mid-twentieth century is very presumable due to the observed increase in anthropogenic (human-caused) greenhouse gas concentrations. Climate change is real, rapid and earthly concern are playing a large part in transitioning to a smoke world.Human Activity and Climate ChangeWhen I bow the television on, and surf the news channels I get a quick snap shot of the latest events that have unfolded. At some(prenominal) given time Ill be informed of the latest earthquake, t cheerfulnessami, flood, scissure or drought thats taken place while I was away. I dont remember these uncommon events being in the news as practically as they have been. Not only that but they have been more violent as rise. The increases in these events are sure indicators that a climate change is occurring on the planet as we speak.Climate change is define as any long-term signifi stopt change in the last patterns of an area. This has been occurring on the planet for billions of years since its inception. At different times it has been caused by a catastrophic global event or by the dynamic inner workings of the earth. These climate changes have been proven by science over long periods of time. The big question these days is whether human activity such as the burning of fossil fuels is a major contributor to the climate change of the planet. (Desonie, 2012)Humans have reached a level of experience and technology that allows us to detect a change in climate, discover the causes and consequences for that change. For example, I live in Twentynine Palms, CA which is located in the Mojave Desert. Climate changes here show a slow thaw of the Mojave and Sonoran Desert regions. This warming is altering rainfall and weather patterns, altering plant cover and productiveness, cocksure affecting ecosystem functions and species distribution. Desert ecosystems are predominantly sensitive to changes in atmospherical carbon dioxide. Future rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide will affect rates of plant photosynthesis and water loss, and are predicted to increase efficiency and productivity in certain desert plants. Increased plant productivity, particularly the productivity of invasive grasses, will increase the occurrence of wildfires in the desert. Increased crude(a) and persistent droughts are also predicted for these desert ecosystems. (Webb, 2009) So, simply said climate change is already having and will continue to have major implic ations for plants, wildlife species, and ecosystem processes in this particular region.In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, stated that human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earths atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols (small particles), and cloudiness. The largest known contributing human activity comes from the burning fossil fuels that release carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared (thermal) radiation that are part of Earths energy balance. (Solomon, 2007) Along with the change in temperatures come heat waves, new wind patterns, worsening drought in some regions, heavier precipitation in others, melting glaciers and Arctic ice and rising global average sea levels. (Hogan, 2007)A collaborated effort by hundreds of climate experts and government representatives from 113 countries, believe that climate change is cau sed by human activities. Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperature since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic (human-caused) greenhouse gas concentrations. (Solomon, 2007) Climate change is real, rapid and man are playing a large part in transitioning to a warmer world. Studies have shown that humans have been burning fossil fuel at an alarming rate. By burning fossil fuels to produce energy to run vehicles or provide electricity, we emit carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide has been scientifically proven to have defamatory effects on the earths atmosphere. (Roach, 2007)The causes and effects of humans burning fossil fuels are easy to understand. By burning fossil fuels we emit carbon dioxide carbon dioxide in turns depletes our oz integrity layer. The ozone helps block some of the suns heat and radiation. Without the ozone layer more sunlight, sun heat, and sun radiation reach the surface of the earth. This immediat ely means warmer temperatures. Warmer temperatures cause climate change. A very simple design to understand yet the average individual seems to have a occasional attitude towards this fact.Granted natural climate change has been occurring for billions of years, but I believe that humans are greatly influencing the current climate change by our own activities.The industrial era for the human race began roughly 1750 and since this point in time we have been affecting the climate in many ways not known until recently. I also believe that humans are not concerned enough with the consequences that will outlet from our continued pollution of the earth, I am very surprised with the insufficiency of urgency on our part. (Desonie, 2012)We produce four main greenhouse gases that mayhap affect climate change, CO2 (carbon dioxide), CH4 (methane), N2O (nitrous oxide), and halocarbons. All of these types of gases contribute to the depletion of the atmosphere, but CO2, is the one mainly produ ced from the burning of fossil fuels. Levels of these gases have increased signifi stinkpottly since the industrial era, and are attributed to human activities. Changing the atmospheric abundance or properties of these gases and particles can lead to a warming or cooling of the climate system. (Solomon, 2007) granted the time and resources, there is no limit to what the human mind can do. Unfortunately, much of the knowledge and technology that has been used has had a negative jar on the environment. Yes, climate change is a natural occurring phenomenon as well but we have long been burning fossil fuels use onward we understood the consequences. All pollution thats been levied upon the earth was cause by the human animal. So, my answer to the question of whether human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, is a major contributor to climate change is, yes, we are.

Interview Essay - Emelie Konold -- Interview Emelie

Interview Essay - Emelie KonoldEmelie Konold was innate(p) on July 25, 1924. She enjoys keeping active by meeting new population and being with friends. She also enjoys pickings classes at Saddleback College, and sewing.Emelie defines happiness as a pleasant feeling of joy and wellbeing. Her definition has evolved over the years. She says, When you are young, you do not think near happiness, because you are natural with a certain temperament. You are always happy because it is acquired.Emelie knows that she is happy when she experiences no depression. She said, merriment is a feeling inside where you dont mope. You are active, and pleasant to sight. When asked who or what she turns to when she is discontent she answered, When I am down I get busy. I do not turn to anybody because I do not want to vex it on them. When asked what makes her miserable she said, I do not mope or get sad intimately other people. I am neer sad.She has many activities that contribute to her happi ness. They include meeting and being with people, learning and winning classes, sewing, and basic each(prenominal) toldy keeping active. When asked how other peoples attitudes affect her, Emelie said that she is concerned when on that point is arguing, or when people are sad. In such a case, she impart talk to them and make them feel at ease. It makes her happy to go to eat and gab with her friends, but if she brush asidet change the other persons attitude, she simply doesnt worry about it. If I nooky change it, even by talking, then I pass on change it, she says.Emelies childhood had an affect on her sense of happiness. I had a dear mother who had multiple sclerosis, but that neer got me down. I also had three brothers. There were difficulties in my childhood, but I was gold to h... ...ins are the closest things to God. Whenever I need to be close to and tattle to God, that is where I go. She is familiar with the mountains in Utah, but says that any mountains depart do .Emelies section of advice for achieving happiness is to believe in some form of religion, get an precept and be good to your fellow man. She advises that whenever you face peer pressure, choose what impart make you a better person. Dont allow your peers pull you down, instead permit them grab you and pull you up. All of this ties into her philosophy on life. Emelie believes in lifetime your life the best that you can. Dont worry about things because feeling unhappy all of the time is not a good thing. Instead give what you can to society and to your friends.Emelie is a very strong person. I felt a connection with her from the first few minutes we spoke. I have a friendship with her. Interview Essay - Emelie Konold -- Interview EmelieInterview Essay - Emelie KonoldEmelie Konold was born on July 25, 1924. She enjoys keeping active by meeting new people and being with friends. She also enjoys taking classes at Saddleback College, and sewing.Emelie defines happines s as a pleasant feeling of joy and wellbeing. Her definition has evolved over the years. She says, When you are young, you do not think about happiness, because you are born with a certain temperament. You are always happy because it is acquired.Emelie knows that she is happy when she experiences no depression. She said, happiness is a feeling inside where you dont mope. You are active, and pleasant to people. When asked who or what she turns to when she is unhappy she answered, When I am down I get busy. I do not turn to anybody because I do not want to perplex it on them. When asked what makes her unhappy she said, I do not mope or get sad about other people. I am never sad.She has many activities that contribute to her happiness. They include meeting and being with people, learning and taking classes, sewing, and basically keeping active. When asked how other peoples attitudes affect her, Emelie said that she is concerned when on that point is arguing, or when people are sad. In such a case, she will talk to them and make them feel at ease. It makes her happy to go to lunch and gab with her friends, but if she cant change the other persons attitude, she simply doesnt worry about it. If I can change it, even by talking, then I will change it, she says.Emelies childhood had an affect on her sense of happiness. I had a dear mother who had multiple sclerosis, but that never got me down. I also had three brothers. There were difficulties in my childhood, but I was heaven-sent to h... ...ins are the closest things to God. Whenever I need to be close to and spill the beans to God, that is where I go. She is familiar with the mountains in Utah, but says that any mountains will do.Emelies set of advice for achieving happiness is to believe in some form of religion, get an nurture and be good to your fellow man. She advises that whenever you face peer pressure, choose what will make you a better person. Dont let your peers pull you down, instead let them gra b you and pull you up. All of this ties into her philosophy on life. Emelie believes in nourishment your life the best that you can. Dont worry about things because feeling unhappy all of the time is not a good thing. Instead give what you can to society and to your friends.Emelie is a very strong person. I felt a connection with her from the first few minutes we spoke. I have a friendship with her.

Xerox :: essays research papers

COUNTRY ISSUESCulture, Social, and DemographicsWhen examining any troupe and their possible expansion into new markets you must first examine the culture, social, and demographic issues impacting foreign businesses. The Colombian culture has begun to show a bias towards American products as recently as 1998. As written in chirrup Caspers New York Times article, There is a lot of rice beer in U.S. concepts and products... in not single Colombia but also all of Latin America. The interest has caused more American firms to begin to see these developing attitudes and expand their businesses into Latin America. For drive away to also take part in this expansion they would be able to take advantage of the new interest. Colombians, although, are not have these companies with open arms. There is an interest in the U.S. businesses but as Dianna blue jean Schemo reports it is not uncommon to be threatened by the reliances of Colombia. These cartels want in on the inflow of money and wi ll get involved in kidnappings and murderer if they see it necessary. In 1996, the last year these figures are available, the federal official Bureau of Investigation reported 19,645 homicides while in Colombia there were 26,627. For the tending of being on the wrong end of such instances American businesses gather up to be extra careful when trying to penetrate the Colombian marketplace. xerox copy would not be as impacted by the threat of cartel interference. The cartels become more involved with restaurants and oil companies that have developed in Colombia. They have not developed any interest in the engine room industry as of yet.Colombia has a population of 37 million Spanish-speaking people. The annual growth rate is 1.7% and 95% of the population is Roman Catholic. In the urban areas a 93% literacy rate was found, as opposed to a 67% literacy rate in country-bred areas. This is due to the fact that only five years of primary school are offered in rural areas. This informa tion regarding the population is encouraging. Although the rural populations literacy rate is low, the urban rate is rather high for a Latin American country. This rate leads me to believe that for Xerox to expand in this market with its technology/communication equipment would not be a problem. The majority of the targeted population where Xerox would be selling their products could run across the benefits of their product and would want to purchase Xerox products. Political/Governmental Concerns

Affirmative Action Essay -- American Government, Minorities

It is not about assuring equality of opportunity but artificially that is, judicially enforcing equality of outcome (Williams 69). John F. Kennedy first introduced the term affirmatory military action at law during the era of the Cold War and the civil rights movement. The term is defined as integration of different race, sex, and country of origin into universities and employment (Ana 30). The beginning of affirmative action started with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by the Johnson Administration. The Civil Rights Act allowed African Americans to at tennerd desegregated schools and become eligible to vote. The 1971 Philadelphia Plan was implemented by the Nixon administration, which called for quota systems to witness that a certain number of underrepresented races are met to achieve what is called diversity. By the recently 1970s, it was extended to college admissions where controversy surrounding the use of affirmative action was in question by whites and the Supreme Court. Al though many college admissions officials feel that affirmative action is the only way to promote diversity, these policies should not be used as a deciding factor in college admissions because they are a defecate of reverse discrimination, hurtful to students, and unconstitutional in law. Affirmative action was introduced as a way to promote diversity and ensure fairness. College admissions officials feel as if the only way to achieve diversity in their campuses is to discriminate overrepresented pagan groups such as Caucasians and Asians for minorities of African American and Native American background. An character of the use of reverse discrimination was the University of Michigan-Ann Harbor admissions policy. On December 14, 2000, The new(a) York Times did an article on the proce... ...sures fairness to all because students who graduate in the net ten are researched to have higher grades and graduation rates. The ten percent law has improved economic and geographical diver sity because it draws the outmatch students out of every part of Texas. The Austin Campus now has 853 high schools, previously 616, represented in the university. The Hispanic population has increased by 29% while the African American population has increased by 32% (Texas 8). The program also allows equal opportunity for all races because in company to have the benefit of attending the best schools in Texas, graduating in the top ten is a necessity. George W. Bush even stated that race-neutral policies are much successful than the policies of affirmative action. Affirmative action is an issue that needs to be educated to people because it affects everyone at some point in their life.

History of Fireworks :: Chine Fireworks Explosives Essays

tarradiddle of FireworksThe birthplace of fireworks is generally recognized as China, with the outset explosive classification ready being black powder, during the Sung dynasty ( 960-1279 ). It is said that a construct in ancient china found that a mixture of sulfur, saltpeter, and oxford grey was very flammable and would explode if enclosed in a clarified space. The first application of this technology was for entertainment. The Chinese ar close up the attracter in the production of fireworks. Once the recipe for black powder was perfected, they found that it was easily used as rocket fuel, and they made hand carven wooden rockets in the shape of a dragon, in the sixth degree Celsius. These rockets ginger nut rocket powered arrows from their mouth, and were used against the Mongol invaders of 1279. The principle behind these rockets is still used in rocket powered fireworks today. Through adventurous explorers, the friendship of making fireworks spread west, through Ar abia in the seventh century. The Arabs called the rockets Chinese arrows. The Mongols are credited with taking Chinese rockets and gunpowder to Europe around 1241. The first record of their use in Europe are around 1258. Until the nineteenth century, fireworks lacked a major aesthetically essential characteristic color. Pyrotechnicians began to use a combination of potassium chlorate and various metallic salts to make brilliant colors. The salts of these metals reveal the different colors strontium burns red copper makes rich barium glows green and sodium, yellow. Magnesium, aluminum, and titanium were found to give off unobjectionable sparkles or a flash. Even though China invented the fireworks, Europe surpassed them in pyrotechnic development in the 14th century, which coincides with the time the gun was invented. coolness and gunpowder for military use was made by skilled tradesmen, afterward called firemakers, who also made fireworks for peace or victory celebrations. Duri ng the Renaissance, two European schools of pyrotechnic thought emerged one in Italy and the other at Nuremberg, Germany. The Italian school of pyrotechnics emphasized elaborate fireworks, and the German school dysphoric scientific advancement. Both schools added significantly to further development of pyrotechnics, and by the mid-17th century fireworks were used for entertainment on an unprecedented scale in Europe, being best-selling(predicate) even at resorts and public gardens. In the mid-19th century fireworks became popular in the United States. Injuries associated with fireworks, particularly to children, eventually discouraged their unrestricted use. As a result, in many states of the U.